The endopiriform nucleus (EPN) is a well-defined structure that is located deeply in the piriform region at the border with the striatum and is characterized by dense intrinsic connections and prominent projections to piriform and limbic cortices. The EPN has been proposed to promote synchronization of large populations of neurons in the olfactory cortices via the activation of transient depolarizations possibly mediated by Ca2+ spikes. It is known that principal cells in the EPN express both a low- and high-voltage–activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. We further characterized HVA conductances possibly related to Ca2+-spike generation in the EPN with a whole cell, patch-clamp study on neurons acutely dissociated from the EPN of the guinea pig. To study HVA currents in isolation, experiments were performed from a holding potential of −60 mV, using Ba2+ as the permeant ion. Total Ba2+ currents ( I Ba) evoked by depolarizing square pulses peaked at 0/+10 mV and were completely abolished by 200 μM Cd2+. The pharmacology of HVA I Bas was analyzed by applying saturating concentrations of specific Ca2+-channel blockers. The L-type blocker nifedipine (10 μM; n = 11), the N-type–channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA (0.5 μM; n = 24), and the P/Q-type blocker ω-conotoxin MVIIC (1 μM; n = 16) abolished fractions of total I Bas equal on average to 24.7 ± 5.4%, 27.1 ± 3.4%, and 22.2 ± 2.4%, respectively (mean ± SE). The simultaneous application of the three blockers reduced I Ba by 68.5 ± 6.6% ( n = 10). Nifedipine-sensitive currents and most N- and P/Q-type currents were slowly decaying, the average fractional persistence after 300 ms of steady depolarization being 0.77 ± 0.02, 0.60 ± 0.06, and 0.68 ± 0.04, respectively. The residual, blocker-resistant (R-type) currents were consistently faster inactivating, with an average fractional persistence after 300 ms of 0.30 ± 0.08. Fast-decaying R-type currents also displayed a more negative threshold of activation (by about 10 mV) than non–R-type HVA currents. These results demonstrate that EPN neurons express multiple pharmacological components of the HVA Ca2+currents and point to the existence of an R-type current with specific functional properties including fast inactivation kinetics and intermediate threshold of activation.
Characterization of histamine H1-receptor binding peptides in guinea pig brain using [125I]iodoazidophenpyramine, an irreversible specific photoaffinity probe.
