Motor patterns of distal hind limb muscles in walking turtles: Implications for models of limb bone loading

2010 ◽  
Vol 271 (12) ◽  
pp. 1527-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko L. Schoenfuss ◽  
John D. Roos ◽  
Angela R. V. Rivera ◽  
Richard W. Blob
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Bone Loading

Hind Limb Bone Proportions Reveal Unexpected Morphofunctional Diversification in Xenarthrans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Marshall ◽  
Kyle B. Spainhower ◽  
Brandon T. Sinn ◽  
Thomas P. Diggins ◽  
Michael T. Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Limb Bone

In vitro autoradiography of [3H]acetylcholine binding in rat hind limb muscles

1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Askmark ◽  
Per-Göran Gillberg
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
In Vitro Autoradiography ◽  
Limb Muscles

Elevations of cathepsin B and cathepsin L activities in forelimb and hind limb muscles of genetically dystrophic mice

1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Komatsu ◽  
Kazutomo Tsukuda ◽  
Jun Hosoya ◽  
Susumu Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Cathepsin B ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Dystrophic Mice

The central program of activation of hind-limb muscles during scratching in cats

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Baev
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Central Program ◽  
Limb Muscles

scholarly journals Post-synaptic actions of midlumbar interneurones on motoneurones of hind-limb muscles in the cat.

1987 ◽  
Vol 389 (1) ◽  
pp. 675-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Cavallari ◽  
S A Edgley ◽  
E Jankowska
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Limb Muscles

scholarly journals Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Parsi-Pour ◽  
B M Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Section Modulus ◽  
Second Moments

Synopsis Locomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones’ lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits rendered dimensionless— cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)—using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil’s high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan—and perhaps that of other mammals—is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.

Temporal progress of muscle adaptation to endurance training in hind limb muscles of young rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner M�ller ◽  
Lehrstuhl Vogell
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Temporal Progress

scholarly journals Activation patterns of embryonic chick hind-limb muscles following blockade of activity and motoneurone cell death.

1986 ◽  
Vol 380 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
L T Landmesser ◽  
M Szente
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Limb Muscles

Inhibition in the release of immunoreactive β-endorphin from the periaqueductal grey during isometric contractions of cat hind-limb muscles: the effects of clonidine

Neuropeptides ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Williams ◽  
L.I. Holtsclaw ◽  
L.P. Nichols ◽  
P.L. Brien ◽  
J.A. Chiverton
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Periaqueductal Grey ◽  
Limb Muscles
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