In this chapter, three studies performed in the 1990s in three developing countries focused on three neonatal infectious diseases are discussed. The studies were (a) a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in Thailand; (b) a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia in infants in The Gambia; and (c) a nonrandomized cluster trial to reduce neonatal mortality rate from sepsis in infants born at home in India. The chapter examines the ethical controversies raised by these studies and concludes that location and intention matter. Although these studies could not have been performed in the United States or United Kingdom, they were designed to answer a question relevant to the community in which the research was being conducted. Finally, the chapter explores the different ethical scrutiny these studies received and what lessons can be learned.