Complex Societies, Common Schools and Curriculum: Separate is not Equal

International Review of Education ◽

10.1007/s11159-008-9096-x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (3-4) ◽

pp. 337-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jagdish Gundara

Keyword(s):

Complex Societies ◽

Common Schools

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Military Training in Common Schools

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican01251862-58a ◽

1862 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 58-58

Keyword(s):

Military Training ◽

Common Schools

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Physical Training in Common Schools

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican10131860-249 ◽

1860 ◽

Vol 3 (16) ◽

pp. 249-249

Keyword(s):

Physical Training ◽

Common Schools

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Rethinking the Indus: A comparative re-evaluation of the Indus Civilisation as an alternative paradigm in the organisation and structure of early complex societies

10.30861/9781407307718 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Edward Cork

Keyword(s):

Complex Societies ◽

Indus Civilisation

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Postweaning maternal care increases male chimpanzee reproductive success

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aaz5746 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (38) ◽

pp. eaaz5746

Author(s):

Catherine Crockford ◽

Liran Samuni ◽

Linda Vigilant ◽

Roman M. Wittig

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Success ◽

Parental Investment ◽

Maternal Care ◽

Parental Loss ◽

Male Reproductive Success ◽

Complex Societies ◽

Successful Reproduction ◽

Using Data

Humans are unusual among animals for continuing to provision and care for their offspring until adulthood. This “prolonged dependency” is considered key for the evolution of other notable human traits, such as large brains, complex societies, and extended postreproductive lifespans. Prolonged dependency must therefore have evolved under conditions in which reproductive success is gained with parental investment and diminished with early parental loss. We tested this idea using data from wild chimpanzees, which have similarly extended immature years as humans and prolonged mother-offspring associations. Males who lost their mothers after weaning but before maturity began reproducing later and had lower average reproductive success. Thus, persistent mother-immature son associations seem vital for enhancing male reproductive success, although mothers barely provision sons after weaning. We posit that these associations lead to social gains, crucial for successful reproduction in complex social societies, and offer insights into the evolution of prolonged dependency.

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