CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY LOAD IN PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Overtraining in football is caused by an imbalance between body load, stress, and recovery. High-volume non-scientific physical training and continuous high-intensity football matches are often the main reasons for the overtraining of athletes. Objective: This article explores the characteristics of the changes in physical function of football players during a complete training cycle. Methods: We use experimental methods to analyze the changes in the physical load characteristics of football players during high-intensity training. Results: Creatine kinase, urea nitrogen, and oxygen transport indicators did not change significantly during football training. Testosterone and cortisol will gradually increase with an increase of exercise load. Conclusion: In football training, we need to reasonably arrange the total exercise volume, exercise intensity, and exercise interval time of the athletes according to the trainer’s physical adaptability and athletic ability, supplemented with nutrition and enthusiasm recovery measures. These methods can improve or enhance the physical function of football players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Conditions for Increasing the Youth Pre-army Physical Training Class Organization

Research relevance: article discusses problem in organizing lessons on the school subject of pre-army physical training of youth with subdivision into external and internal organization moments. Research objectives: to determine the conditions for organizing classes and preparing students for the perception of the proposed information. Research materials and methods: distribution of class students into educational subgroups; setting up work within each subgroup; change of places of employment, sports equipment and equipment, a combination of educational and disciplinary requirements; organized ending of classes. Research results: the general level of organization is a kind of assessment of a teacher’s ability to competently manage educational cognitive process (ECP) in a wide variety of situations. Conclusions: an important condition for increasing the ECP organization is full preparation of material and technical base for its implementation.

Management of Students Educational and Recognitive Activities in Pre-army Physical Training Classes

Research relevance: students’ effective activity, all tasks performed by them, and the requirements imposed should be under constant and qualified guidance, in this regard, the problem of managing the educational and cognitive activity of students of pre-conscription physical training is relevant. Research objectives: to highlight the leading requirements for the management of student activities. Research materials and methods: scientific and pedagogical theory of objective world reflection, the steady deepening of information about educational and cognitive material (ECM), more effective use of a variety of forms of knowledge transfer, skillful use of an increasing number of special methodological techniques, deepening interaction of the used information sources. Research results: requirements for the management of students’ activities were formulated to achieve regulated interaction of informational and motor aspects of physical control; ensure the correspondence of the transmitted information to the specifics of the proposed exercise; rely on the leading factors of the unity of the informational and motor sides of the exercise; use a directed combination of informational and motor aspects of the exercise. Conclusions: knowledge is a necessary prerequisite for a more meaningful mastering of motor skills and abilities, effective use of existing physical abilities in military-sports and other activities.

Is There Any Non-functional Training? A Conceptual Review

This conceptual review investigates whether functional training (FT) is a different approach from traditional strength, power, flexibility, and endurance (aerobic or cardiorespiratory) training already adopted in the physical training plan of professional, recreational athletes, healthy, and older adults. The 20 most recent papers published involving FT were searched in the PubMed/Medline database. Definition, concepts, benefits, and the exercises employed in FT programs were analyzed. The main results were: (a) there is no agreement about a universal definition for FT; (b) FT programs aim at developing the same benefits already induced by traditional training programs; (c) exercises employed are also the same. The inability to define FT makes the differentiation from traditional training programs difficult. Physical training programs can be easily described and classified as strength, power, flexibility, endurance, and the specific exercises employed (e.g., traditional resistance training, ballistic exercises, plyometrics and Olympic-style weightlifting, continuous and high-intensity interval training). This apt description and classification may provide consistent and clear communication between students, coaches, athletes, and sports scientists. Based on the current evidence and to avoid confusion and misconceptions, we recommend that the terms FT, high-intensity FT, and functional fitness training no longer describe any physical training program.

Effects of a home-based physical training and activity promotion program in community-dwelling older persons with cognitive impairment after discharge from rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial

Background Older people with cognitive impairment (CI) are at high risk for mobility limitations and adverse outcomes after discharge from geriatric rehabilitation settings. Study aim was to estimate the effects of a specifically designed home-based physical training and activity promotion program on physical capacity, different aspects of physical activity (PA), and psychosocial status. Methods Patients with mild-to-moderate CI (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]: 17-26 points) discharged home after rehabilitation were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a 12-week intervention and 12-week follow-up period. The intervention group performed a CI-specific, autonomous, home-based strength, balance and walking training supported by tailored motivational strategies to foster training adherence and promote PA. The control group participated in an unspecific motor placebo activity. Primary outcomes were physical capacity (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB]) and PA (sensor-based activity time). Results Among 118 randomized participants (82.3±6.0 years) with CI (MMSE: 23.3±2.4) and high levels of multi-morbidity, those participants undergoing home-based training demonstrated superior outcomes to the control group in SPPB (mean difference between groups 1.9 points; 95%-CI: 1.0-2.8; p<.001), with persistent benefits over the follow-up (1.3 points; 95%-CI: 0.4-2.2; p<.001). There were no differences in PA across any time points. Among secondary outcomes, fear of falling and activity avoidance behavior were reduced in the intervention group at all time points, life-space mobility improved short-term. Conclusions Study results demonstrate clinically important benefits of an individually tailored autonomous physical training and activity promotion program on physical capacity and secondary outcomes in different domains in a vulnerable, multi-morbid population.

Influence of physical training after a myocardial infarction on left ventricular contraction mechanics

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise adds benefits improving evolution of the ischemic heart disease, enhancing individual functional capacity and preventing ventricular remodeling. In this study we investigated the impact of a program of physical training started after an uncomplicated post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on the mechanics of left ventricle (LV) contraction. METHODS: A total of 53 patients were included, 27 of whom were randomized to a supervised training program (TRAINING group), and 26 to a CONTROL group, who received usual orientations for physical exercise after AMI. All patients underwent cardiopulmonary stress testing and an echocardiogram with speckle tracking technique to measure several parameters of LV contraction mechanics at 1 month and 5 months after AMI. RESULTS: No significant difference in the analysis of LV longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain parameters between groups after the training period was found. After the training program, analysis of torsional mechanics demonstrated a reduction in the LV basal rotation of the TRAINING group in comparison to the CONTROL group (TRAINING, -5.9±2.3 vs CONTROL, -7.5±2.9 ; P=0.03), and in the basal rotational velocity ​​( TRAINING, -53.6±18.4 vs CONTROL, -68.8±22.1 º/s; P=0.01), twist velocity (TRAINING, 127.4±32.2 vs CONTROL, 149.9±35.9 vs º/s; P=0.02) and torsion (TRAINING, 2.4±0.4 vs CONTROL, 2.8±0.8 vs º/cm; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity did not cause a significant improvement in LV longitudinal, radial and circumferential deformation parameters. However, the exercise had a significant impact on the LV torsional mechanics, composed particularly of a reduction in basal rotation, twist velocity, torsion and torsional velocity which can be interpreted as a ventricular “torsion reserve” in this population.