Two centuries of morphology of crystals: Integration of principles of mathematical crystallography, statistical mechanics of surface models and chemistry

2004 ◽  
pp. 177-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bennema ◽  
H. Meekes
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Surface Models

Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Friedli ◽  
Yvan Velenik
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Lattice Systems

Statistical Mechanics

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Woods Halley
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics

Statistical mechanics of defects in polymer liquid crystals

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan V. Selinger ◽  
Robijn F. Bruinsma
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Polymer Liquid ◽  
Polymer Liquid Crystals

Elemental chlorine-free bleaching of North American hardwood kraft pulps: Evaluation of oxidant-reinforced extraction variables on overall bleaching optimization

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN N. BROGDON
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
North American ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Kraft Pulps ◽  
Pulp Bleaching ◽  
Response Surface Models ◽  
Elemental Chlorine ◽  
Surface Models

This investigation evaluates how higher reaction temperatures or oxidant reinforcement of caustic extraction affects chlorine dioxide consumption during elemental chlorine-free bleaching of North American hardwood pulps. Bleaching data from the published literature were used to develop statistical response surface models for chlorine dioxide delignification and brightening sequences for a variety of hardwood pulps. The effects of higher (EO) temperature and of peroxide reinforcement were estimated from observations reported in the literature. The addition of peroxide to an (EO) stage roughly displaces 0.6 to 1.2 kg chlorine dioxide per kilogram peroxide used in elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleach sequences. Increasing the (EO) temperature by Δ20°C (e.g., 70°C to 90°C) lowers the overall chlorine dioxide demand by 0.4 to 1.5 kg. Unlike what is observed for ECF softwood bleaching, the presented findings suggest that hot oxidant-reinforced extraction stages result in somewhat higher bleaching costs when compared to milder alkaline extraction stages for hardwoods. The substitution of an (EOP) in place of (EO) resulted in small changes to the overall bleaching cost. The models employed in this study did not take into account pulp bleaching shrinkage (yield loss), to simplify the calculations.

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