Spinal Accessory Nerve-Innervated Gracilis (XI-Gracilis) for Facial Reanimation: Chang Gung Experience

The Spinal Accessory Nerve for Functional Muscle Innervation in Facial Reanimation Surgery

Annals of Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1097/sap.0000000000000891 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 77 (6) ◽

pp. 640-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eva Placheta ◽

Ines Tinhofer ◽

Melanie Schmid ◽

Lukas F. Reissig ◽

Igor Pona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽

Accessory Nerve ◽

Spinal Accessory ◽

Facial Reanimation ◽

Muscle Innervation

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Facial Reanimation Results by Spinal Accessory Nerve–Facial Nerve (FN) Anastomosis

Skull Base ◽

10.1055/s-2009-1242300 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (03) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuri Shulev ◽

Konstantin Gordienko ◽

Ovanes Akobyan ◽

Alexander Trashin

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽

Accessory Nerve ◽

Spinal Accessory ◽

Facial Reanimation

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ULTRASOUND GUIDED SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE INJECTION VERSUS TRIGGER POINT INJECTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF TRAPEZIUS MYOFASCIAL PAIN

10.26226/morressier.5ab3c881a874c60026559116 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Wajid Mahmood Khan

Keyword(s):

Myofascial Pain ◽

Trigger Point ◽

Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽

Accessory Nerve ◽

Ultrasound Guided ◽

Spinal Accessory

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Finding CN XI: A Review of Defining the Spinal Accessory Nerve in Anatomical and Evolutionary Contexts

HAPS Educator ◽

10.21692/haps.2017.047 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Theodore C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽

Accessory Nerve ◽

Spinal Accessory

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Excision of a Portion of the Spinal Accessory Nerve

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.1.945.212-b ◽

1879 ◽

Vol 1 (945) ◽

pp. 212-212

Author(s):

W. Rivington

Keyword(s):

Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽

Accessory Nerve ◽

Spinal Accessory

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Nerve Graft Length and Recovery of Elbow Flexion Muscle Strength in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: Case Series

Operative Neurosurgery ◽

10.1093/ons/opab007 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mariano Socolovsky ◽

Gilda di Masi ◽

Gonzalo Bonilla ◽

Ana Lovaglio ◽

Kartik G Krishnan

Keyword(s):

Brachial Plexus ◽

Case Series ◽

Target Function ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Spinal Accessory Nerve ◽

Accessory Nerve ◽

Nerve Reconstruction ◽

Muscle Recovery ◽

Spinal Accessory

Abstract BACKGROUND Traumatic brachial plexus injuries cause long-term maiming of patients. The major target function to restore in complex brachial plexus injury is elbow flexion. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyze the correlation between the length of the nerve graft and the strength of target muscle recovery in extraplexual and intraplexual nerve transfers. METHODS A total of 51 patients with complete or near-complete brachial plexus injuries were treated with a combination of nerve reconstruction strategies. The phrenic nerve (PN) was used as axon donor in 40 patients and the spinal accessory nerve was used in 11 patients. The recipient nerves were the anterior division of the upper trunk (AD), the musculocutaneous nerve (MC), or the biceps branches of the MC (BBs). An index comparing the strength of elbow flexion between the affected and the healthy arms was correlated with the choice of target nerve recipient and the length of nerve grafts, among other parameters. The mean follow-up was 4 yr. RESULTS Neither the choice of MC or BB as a recipient nor the length of the nerve graft showed a strong correlation with the strength of elbow flexion. The choice of very proximal recipient nerve (AD) led to axonal misrouting in 25% of the patients in whom no graft was employed. CONCLUSION The length of the nerve graft is not a negative factor for obtaining good muscle recovery for elbow flexion when using PN or spinal accessory nerve as axon donors in traumatic brachial plexus injuries.

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