This article suggests that the "elements of the tort" approach to directors' liability in negligence to third parties should be discontinued on the basis that assumption of responsibility as a threshold test is not an element of the tort of negligence or negligent misstatement and a more constructive approach would be to address the policy issues associated with imposing liability on directors as part of the two-stage duty of care inquiry.
AbstractLet $${\mathfrak {X}}$$
X
be a group class. A group G is an opponent of $${\mathfrak {X}}$$
X
if it is not an $${\mathfrak {X}}$$
X
-group, but all its proper subgroups belong to $${\mathfrak {X}}$$
X
. Of course, every opponent of $${\mathfrak {X}}$$
X
is a cohopfian group and the aim of this paper is to describe the smallest group class containing $${\mathfrak {X}}$$
X
and admitting no such a kind of cohopfian groups.
Employing classifying terms for testing model transformations
