We discuss Very Large Array spectral and polarimetric observations of the lobes of luminous, double radio galaxies. These observations can provide information on the (typically undetected) jets responsible for the sources. Spectral steepening is usually observed in the lobes, with the radio spectral index increasing with distance from the hot spot. These data can be used to infer a "speed of separation" of the hot spot and lobe material. These speeds, typically 1.0 × 104–3.0 × 104 km/s, are in agreement with hydrocode models of jets, which interpret the measured speed of separation as a combination of hot-spot motion and backflow. Polarimetric observations indicate that in at least some sources, there is an undetectably small amount of internal Faraday rotation, indicating upper limits to the thermal-plasma density of a few times 10−5 cm−3 or less. These measurements are also in agreement with the numerical beam models, provided that the beam density is substantially less than that of the background medium. We conclude that the lobe observations indicate that these sources are powered by light, high-Mach-number beams.
Cosmological evolution of linear sizes of radio galaxies
