Use of a NaOCl rinse did not consistently affect (P >.05) weight losses or visual scores for appearance of beef cuts and quarters shipped from Seattle, Washington to Anchorage, Alaska. Wrapping of beef with PVC film greatly enhanced (P < .05) overall appearance of beef but also increased (P < .05, six of 24 comparisons) microbial counts and increased (P < .05, 12 of 23 comparisons) extent of visual microbial damage. Microbial counts did not increase (P > .05) on PVC film-wrapped beef shipped in modified atmosphere (60% CO2, 25%O2, 15%N2) vans. Surface discoloration was minimized and overall appearance was enhanced (P < .05) for hindquarters as a result of the combined (additive) effects of NaOCl rinsing, PVC film wrapping, and shipment in a van with modified atmosphere.
As radiocarbon dates were announced, the wall paintings and engravings in Chauvet Cave, France, were hailed as fine art far earlier than any recognised before: here was the ‘Dawn of art’ (Figure 1; Chauvet et al. 1996). Soon after discovery, in 1994, the cave was closed to protect the images from chemical and microbial damage. In 2014, it was added to the World Heritage List. Then, in April 2015, replicas of the most striking imagery were opened at a purpose-built site, the Caverne du Pont d'Arc.
Studies on the Microbial Damage of the Industrial Products and Materials. I. On the Synergism and Antagonism of Antimic r o bial Organotin Compounds