Emergent Relations of Equivalence Generated by Outcome-Specific Consequences in Conditional Discrimination

AbstractIn the present study, two typically developing 4-year-old children, Pete and Joe, were trained six conditional discriminations and tested for the formation of three 3-member equivalence classes. Pete and Joe did not establish the AC relation within 600 trials and were given two conditions of preliminary training, including naming of stimuli with two different stimulus sets. Pete started with preliminary training with common naming of stimuli, followed by conditional-discrimination training and testing for emergent relations, and continued with preliminary training on individual naming of stimuli, followed by the same training and testing as described previously. Joe experienced the same conditions but in reversed order. Pete responded in accordance with equivalence in the second round in the condition with common naming. In the first round of testing in the condition with individual naming, he responded in accordance with equivalence. In the condition with individual naming, Joe did not respond in accordance with stimulus equivalence but established all of the directly trained relations during training. In the condition with common naming, he responded in accordance with equivalence in the first round of testing. The results from the experiment support earlier findings that both common and individual naming could facilitate the emergence of equivalence classes.

Download Full-text

Conditional Discrimination Learning in Octopuses

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e603992013-068 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Paula Roy ◽

Carrie Blakeslee ◽

Jean Geary Boal

Keyword(s):

Discrimination Learning ◽

Conditional Discrimination

Download Full-text

Emergent categorization in the recognition of black and white paintings through conditional discrimination

Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica ◽

10.1186/s41155-021-00191-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paulo Roberto dos Santos Ferreira ◽

Diana Rasteli Santos ◽

Waldir Monteiro Sampaio ◽

Antonio Carlos Leme ◽

Felipe Maciel dos Santos Souza

Keyword(s):

Conditional Discrimination ◽

Black And White ◽

Abstract Picture ◽

Conditional Relations

Abstract Background The emergent categorization involving paintings by renowned painters and their corresponding names was demonstrated by previous studies. However, the results of these studies suggest that the colors of the pictures may have played a preponderant role, obscuring other aspects of the stimuli that could be more directly related to the style of each painter. To verify this possibility, the present study used the same methodology of Ferreira et al. to investigate the establishment of emergent conditional relations between categories composed of black and white paintings and the names of their authors. Method The procedure consisted of the training of relations between each of the ten paintings and an abstract picture, for each of the three painters Botticelli, Monet, and Picasso. Relations between each of the three abstract figures and the printed name of one of the painters were verified in sequence. Finally, tests of relations between five trained and five untrained paintings of each artist and the printed names were conducted. Results The participants’ performance suggests that the outcome was properly controlled by aspects pertinent to the paintings that belonged to each painter’s category. Conclusions The results reinforced the data obtained previously with colored pictures, suggesting that the process of emergent categorization involving artificial categories of paintings is robust. It also indicates possibilities for future investigations, for example, using stimuli of other artistic productions, such as sculpture and music.

Download Full-text

Children's emergent relations of equivalence using stimuli with opposite verbal labels: Exclusion and minimal training conditions

Behavioural Processes ◽

10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 185 ◽

pp. 104341

Author(s):

Jacqueline J. Schenk ◽

Mickey Keenan ◽

Harrie H. Boelens ◽

Simon Dymond ◽

Paul M. Smeets

Keyword(s):

Training Conditions ◽

Emergent Relations ◽

Verbal Labels

Download Full-text

Development of a Single-Code/Default Coding Strategy in Pigeons

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/1467-9280.00252 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 261-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Tricia S. Clement ◽

Thomas R. Zentall

Keyword(s):

Conditional Discrimination ◽

The Other ◽

Matching Accuracy ◽

Efficient Coding ◽

Coding Strategy ◽

One To One ◽

Retention Intervals ◽

The Many ◽

The One ◽

Better Than

We tested the hypothesis that pigeons could use a cognitively efficient coding strategy by training them on a conditional discrimination (delayed symbolic matching) in which one alternative was correct following the presentation of one sample (one-to-one), whereas the other alternative was correct following the presentation of any one of four other samples (many-to-one). When retention intervals of different durations were inserted between the offset of the sample and the onset of the choice stimuli, divergent retention functions were found. With increasing retention interval, matching accuracy on trials involving any of the many-to-one samples was increasingly better than matching accuracy on trials involving the one-to-one sample. Furthermore, following this test, pigeons treated a novel sample as if it had been one of the many-to-one samples. The data suggest that rather than learning each of the five sample-comparison associations independently, the pigeons developed a cognitively efficient single-code/default coding strategy.

Download Full-text