Gumbel extreme value distribution is used to predict the maximum depth of decarburization of piston rod. The results show that: 1) The prediction maximum depth of decarburization of piston rod should include four steps: data collection, parameter estimation, distribution test and maximum value prediction. 2) The maximum depth of decarburization of piston rod consistent with Gumbel minimum distribution. 3) When the return period is 1000, the predicted maximum depth of decarburization is (0.12 ± 0.01) mm, (k = 2).