scholarly journals The Structure of the Brachial Plexus of the Djungarian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Grzeczka ◽  
Maciej Zdun
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Suprascapular Nerve ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Djungarian Hamster ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Pectoral Nerve ◽  
Thoracodorsal Nerve

AbstractHamsters are often chosen as companion animals but are also a group of animals frequently subjected to laboratory tests. As there are no scientific publications providing information on the anatomical architecture of the brachial plexus of the Djungarian hamster, this study analyses the structure of this part of the nervous system of this species. It is important to know the details of this structure not only for cognitive reasons, but also due to the increasing clinical significance of rodents, which are often used in scientific research. The study was conducted on 55 specimens. Like in humans, the brachial plexus of the Djungarian hamster has three trunks. The following individual nerves innervating the thoracic limb of the Djungarian hamster: the radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, axillary nerve, suprascapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, cranial pectoral nerves, caudal pectoral nerve, lateral thoracic nerve, long thoracic nerve, and subscapular nerves. Similarly to other mammals of this order, the brachial plexus of the Djungarian hamster ranges widely (C5-T1). However, its nerves are formed from different ventral branches of the spinal nerves than in other mammals.

scholarly journals Nerves originating from brachial plexus in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Suprascapular Nerve ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Biceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Hystrix Cristata ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Thoracodorsal Nerve

In this study, dissemination of forelimb’s nerves of the porcupine (Hystrix cristata) was investigated. Four porcupines (two males and two females) were used and nerves originating from brachial their plexus were dissected. Origin and dissemination of forelimb’s nerves orginated from brachial plexus constituted from cranial and caudal trunks were examined. Suprascapular nerve and the first branch of subscapular nerve orginated from cranial and caudal part of cranial trunk, respectively. Nerves orginated from caudal trunk, pectoral cranial nerves, constituted four branches spreading in pectoral muscles. Musculocutenoeus nerve gives a branche to brachial muscle and, after giving medial cutaneus antebrachii nerve was divided to two branches (digital dorsal commun I and II nerve). Axillary nerve gives a branche to subscapular muscle and ends as cranial cutaneous antebrachii. Radial nerve separated to branches as ramus profundus and ramus superficial which also was divided to digital dorsal commun III and IV nerve and lateral cutaneus antebrachial nerve. Thoracodorsal nerve spreaded to latismus dorsi muscle. Median nerve was divided to digital dorsal commun I, II, III and IV nerve. Ulnar nerve was divided to digital dorsal commun V and digital dorsal commun V nerve after giving caudal cutaneous antebrachi. An undefined nerve branche orginated from caudal trunk entered corachobrachial muscle and biceps brachii muscle. Lateral thoracic and caudal pectoral nerves orginated from caudal trunk. In the porcupine, branche which goes to corachobrachial muscle directly from caudal trunk of the brachial plexus and distrubutions of musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar and median nerves were different from rodantia and other mammals.

scholarly journals Collateral branches of the brachial plexus as donors in nerve transfers

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 594-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Samardzic ◽  
Lukas Rasulic ◽  
Novak Lakicevic ◽  
Vladimir Bascarevic ◽  
Irena Cvrkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Nerve Transfers ◽  
Pectoral Nerve ◽  
Medial Pectoral Nerve ◽  
Thoracodorsal Nerve

Background/Aim. Nerve transfers in cases of directly irreparable, or high level extensive brachial plexus traction injuries are performed using a variety of donor nerves with various success but an ideal method has not been established. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of nerve transfers in patients with traction injuries to the brachial plexus using the thoracodorsal and medial pectoral nerves as donors. Methods. This study included 40 patients with 25 procedures using the thoracodorsal nerve and 33 procedures using the medial pectoral nerve as donors for reinnervation of the musculocutaneous or axillary nerve. The results were analyzed according to the donor nerve, the age of the patient and the timing of surgery. Results. The total rate of recovery for elbow flexion was 94.1%, for shoulder abduction 89.3%, and for shoulder external rotation 64.3%. The corresponding rates of recovery using the thoracodorsal nerve were 100%, 93.7% and 68.7%, respectively. The rates of recovery with medial pectoral nerve transfers were 90.5%, 83.3% and 58.3%, respectively. Despite the obvious differences in the rates of recovery, statistical significance was found only between the rates and quality of recovery for the musculocutaneous and axillary nerve using the thoracodorsal nerve as donor. Conclusion. According to our findings, nerve transfers using collateral branches of the brachial plexus in cases with upper palsy offer several advantages and yield high rate and good quality of recovery.

scholarly journals Evaluation of suprascapular nerve neurotization after nerve grafting or transfer in the treatment of brachial plexus traction lesions

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Martijn J. A. Malessy ◽  
Godard C. W. de Ruiter ◽  
Kees S. de Boer ◽  
Ralph T. W. M. Thomeer
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Nerve Transfer ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Suprascapular Nerve ◽  
Shoulder Function ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Infraspinatus Muscle ◽  
Function Recovery ◽  
Grade 3

Object The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the restoration of shoulder function by means of supra-scapular nerve neurotization in adult patients with proximal C-5 and C-6 lesions due to a severe brachial plexus traction injury (BPTI). The primary goal of brachial plexus reconstructive surgery was to restore the biceps muscle function and, secondarily, to reanimate shoulder function. Methods Suprascapular nerve neurotization was performed by grafting the C-5 nerve in 24 patients and by accessory or hypoglossal nerve transfer in 29 patients. Additional neurotization involving the axillary nerve could be performed in 18 patients. Postoperative needle electromyography studies of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and deltoid muscles showed signs of reinnervation in most patients; however, active glenohumeral shoulder function recovery was poor. In nine (17%) of 53 patients supraspinatus muscle strength was Medical Research Council (MRC) Grade 3 or 4 and in four (8%) infraspinatus muscle power was Grade 3 or 4. In 18 patients in whom deltoid muscle reinnervation was attempted, MRC Grade 3 or 4 function was demonstrated in two (11%). In the overall group, eight patients (15%) exhibited glenohumeral abduction with a mean of 44 ± 17° (standard deviation [SD]) (median 45°) and four patients (8%) exhibited glenohumeral exorotation with a mean of 48 ± 24° (SD) (median 53°). In only three patients (6%) were both functions regained. Conclusions The reanimation of shoulder function in patients with proximal C-5 and C-6 BPTIs following supra-scapular nerve neurotization is disappointingly low.

Long Thoracic Nerve Transfer for Children With Brachial Plexus Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase Kluemper ◽  
Mike Aversano ◽  
Scott Kozin ◽  
Dan A. Zlotolow
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Nerve Transfer ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Thoracic Nerve

Surgical anatomy of the cervical and infraclavicular parts of the long thoracic nerve

2006 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 792-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
E. George Salter ◽  
James W. Custis ◽  
John C. Wellons ◽  
Jeffrey P. Blount ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Axillary Artery ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Proximal Portion ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Scalene Muscle ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Two Sides

Object There is insufficient information in the neurosurgical literature regarding the long thoracic nerve (LTN). Many neurosurgical procedures necessitate a thorough understanding of this nerve's anatomy, for example, brachial plexus exploration/repair, passes for ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, pleural placement of a ventriculopleural shunt, and scalenotomy. In the present study the authors seek to elucidate further the surgical anatomy of this structure. Methods Eighteen cadaveric sides were dissected of the LTN, anatomical relationships were observed, and measurements were obtained between it and surrounding osseous landmarks. The LTN had a mean length of 27 ± 4.5 cm (mean ± standard deviation) and a mean diameter of 3 ± 2.5 mm. The distance from the angle of the mandible to the most proximal portion of the LTN was a mean of 6 ± 1.1 cm. The distance from this proximal portion of the LTN to the carotid tubercle was a mean of 3.3 ± 2 cm. The LTN was located a mean 2.8 cm posterior to the clavicle. In 61% of all sides the C-7 component of the LTN joined the C-5 and C-6 components of the LTN at the level of the second rib posterior to the axillary artery. In one right-sided specimen the C-5 component directly innervated the upper two digitations of the serratus anterior muscle rather than joining the C-6 and C-7 parts of this nerve. The LTN traveled posterior to the axillary vessels and trunks of the brachial plexus in all specimens. It lay between the middle and posterior scalene muscles in 56% of sides. In 11% of sides the C-5 and C-6 components of the LTN traveled through the middle scalene muscle and then combined with the C-7 contribution. In two sides, all contributions to the LTN were situated between the middle scalene muscle and brachial plexus and thus did not travel through any muscle. The C-7 contribution to the LTN was always located anterior to the middle scalene muscle. In all specimens the LTN was found within the axillary sheath superior to the clavicle. Distally, the LTN lay a mean of 15 ± 3.4 cm lateral to the jugular notch and a mean of 22 ± 4.2 cm lateral to the xiphoid process of the sternum. Conclusions The neurosurgeon should have knowledge of the topography of the LTN. The results of the present study will allow the surgeon to better localize this structure superior and inferior to the clavicle and decrease morbidity following invasive procedures.

Long Thoracic Nerve Neurotization for Restoration of Shoulder Function in C5-7 Brachial Plexus Preganglionic Injuries: Case Report

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1427-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Yamada ◽  
Kazuteru Doi ◽  
Yasunori Hattori ◽  
Shushi Hoshino ◽  
Soutetsu Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Shoulder Function ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Thoracic Nerve

scholarly journals Medial Pectoral Nerve to Axillary Nerve Neurotization following Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: Indications and Clinical Outcomes

Hand ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Z. Ray ◽  
Rory K. J. Murphy ◽  
Katherine Santosa ◽  
Philip J. Johnson ◽  
Susan E. Mackinnon
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Pectoral Nerve ◽  
Medial Pectoral Nerve

Shrug radiographs for the diagnosis of long thoracic nerve palsy in traumatic brachial plexus injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2595-2600
Author(s):  
Kiminori Yukata ◽  
Kazuteru Doi ◽  
Toshitaka Okabayashi ◽  
Yasunori Hattori ◽  
Sotetsu Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Brachial Plexus Injury ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Thoracic Nerve

Brachial Plexus Reconstruction Following Resection of a Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor: Case Report

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. E245-E250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Spiliopoulos ◽  
Ziv Williams
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Suprascapular Nerve ◽  
Neck Mass ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Nerve Sheath Tumor ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors ◽  
Nerve Sheath ◽  
Anterior Division

Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: The main therapeutic approach for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) of the brachial plexus is wide local excision. Sacrifice of some—occasionally all—elements of the brachial plexus often is required to obtain complete resection, and therefore can be associated with significant morbidity. While peripheral nerve repair is commonly used in the setting of traumatic nerve injury, little is known about its potential use in the treatment of MPNST. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We present a patient with an enlarging right neck mass who was diagnosed with MPNST of the brachial plexus. The patient underwent gross total resection of the tumor, requiring sectioning of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, as well as associated divisions. Following resection, sural nerve grafts were used to connect the C5 nerve root to the anterior division of the upper trunk and the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve, whereas a triceps branch of the radial nerve was coapted directly to the anterior division of the axillary nerve. CONCLUSION: By 20 months after surgery, the patient had regained significant strength in her upper trunk distribution and demonstrated no evidence of tumor recurrence. Brachial plexus reconstruction offers a potentially valuable surgical adjunct to MPNST treatment.

Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Haninec ◽  
Radek Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Brachial Plexus Injury ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Brachial Plexus Palsy ◽  
Nerve Reconstruction ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve

Object Nerve repair using motor fascicles of a different nerve was first described for the repair of elbow flexion (Oberlin technique). In this paper, the authors describe their experience with a similar method for axillary nerve reconstruction in cases of upper brachial plexus palsy. Methods Of 791 nerve reconstructions performed by the senior author (P.H.) between 1993 and 2011 in 441 patients with brachial plexus injury, 14 involved axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve. All 14 of these procedures were performed between 2007 and 2010. This technique was used only when there was a deficit of the thoracodorsal or long thoracic nerve, which are normally used as donors. Results Nine patients were followed up for 24 months or longer. Good recovery of deltoid muscle strength was seen in 7 (77.8%) of these 9 patients, and in 4 patients with less follow-up (14–23 months), for an overall success rate of 78.6%. The procedure was unsuccessful in 2 of the 9 patients with at least 24 months of follow-up. The first showed no signs of reinnervation of the axillary nerve by either clinical or electromyographic evaluation in 26 months of follow-up, and the second had Medical Research Council (MRC) Grade 2 strength in the deltoid muscle 36 months after the operation. The last of the group of 14 patients has had 12 months of follow-up and is showing progressive improvement of deltoid muscle function (MRC Grade 2). Conclusions The authors conclude that fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve onto the axillary nerve is a safe and effective method for reconstruction of the axillary nerve in patients with upper brachial plexus injury.

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