AbstractWord familiarity and predictive context facilitate visual word processing, leading to faster recognition times and reduced neuronal responses. Previously, models with and without top-down connections, including lexical-semantic, pre-lexical (e.g., orthographic/ phonological), and visual processing levels were successful in accounting for these facilitation effects. Here we systematically assessed context-based facilitation with a repetition priming task and explicitly dissociated pre-lexical and lexical processing levels using a pseudoword familiarization procedure. Experiment 1 investigated the temporal dynamics of neuronal facilitation effects with magnetoencephalography (MEG; N=38 human participants) while Experiment 2 assessed behavioral facilitation effects (N=24 human participants). Across all stimulus conditions, MEG demonstrated context-based facilitation across multiple time windows starting at 100 ms, in occipital brain areas. This finding indicates context based-facilitation at an early visual processing level. In both experiments, we furthermore found an interaction of context and lexical familiarity, such that stimuli with associated meaning showed the strongest context-dependent facilitation in brain activation and behavior. Using MEG, this facilitation effect could be localized to the left anterior temporal lobe at around 400 ms, indicating within-level (i.e., exclusively lexical-semantic) facilitation but no top-down effects on earlier processing stages. Increased pre-lexical familiarity (in pseudowords familiarized utilizing training) did not enhance or reduce context effects significantly. We conclude that context based-facilitation is achieved within visual and lexical processing levels. Finally, by testing alternative hypotheses derived from mechanistic accounts of repetition suppression, we suggest that the facilitatory context effects found here are implemented using a predictive coding mechanism.Significance StatementThe goal of reading is to derive meaning from script. This highly automatized process benefits from facilitation depending on word familiarity and text context. Facilitation might occur exclusively within each level of word processing (i.e., visual, pre-lexical, and/or lexical-semantic) but could alternatively also propagate in a top-down manner from higher to lower levels. To test the relevance of these two alternative accounts at each processing level, we combined a pseudoword learning approach controlling for letter string familiarity with repetition priming. We found enhanced context-based facilitation at the lexical-semantic but not pre-lexical processing stage, and no evidence of top-down facilitation from lexical-semantic to earlier word recognition processes. We also identified predictive coding as the most likely mechanism underlying within-level context-based facilitation.
Phoneme monitoring and lexical processing: Evidence for associative context effects