МАГИЯТА И НЕЙНИТЕ ЛИЦА (61. КАНОН НА ТРУЛСКИЯ СЪБОР В СЛАВЯНСКИ ПРЕВОДИ) / MAGIC AND ITS FACES (THE 61ST CANON OF TRULLO IN SLAVIC TRANSLATIONS)

The article aims to analyze some representatives of the lexical-semantic group performers of magical practices according to the 61st canon of the Sixth Ecumenical Council in Trullo, 691–692, based on three translations: the 12th century Efrem kramchaya, Ilovichka kramchaya from 1262, and the 14th century Slavic translation of Matthew Blastares’Syntagma. It is established that: nomina agentis predominate, together with nomina actoris and rarely names of bearers of properties (nomina attributiva); untranslated Greek words are rare; structural calques and descriptive collocations occur. Of particular interest are the ways of presenting Greek realia, which translators liken to familiar phenomena in their semantic adaptation. The text of the 61st canon of Trullo according to an unpublished Moldavian copy of the Syntagma in the 16th century MS № 4104 from the University Library of Cluj-Napoka is published as an appendix. Keywords: medieval magic, Council in Trullo, historical lexicology

shift of lexicon in traditional technology system in Tolaki community at Konawe district of Southeast Sulawesi

This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing all information about the meaning and usage of words; the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment caused by the development of science and technology. This research aims to analyze the level of shift and change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method is qualitative descriptive. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book “Tolaki Culture” by Abdurrauf Tarimana related to the lexicon in the traditional technology system of the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data about agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The theory used is the lexical-semantic theory proposed by Pateda. The results showed that the lexicon for the Tolaki agricultural technology system is extinct and there is a shift in the lexicon.

A lexical semantic approach to the L2 acquisition of Spanish psych verbs

This study builds on prior research on second language (L2) Spanish psych verbs, which has centered on morphosyntactic properties, by examining their syntactic distribution, which relies on lexical semantic knowledge. The fact that certain forms are licensed for some verbs, but not others, is the result of an underlying lexical semantic difference across verb classes, represented here as a difference in formal feature strength. To fully acquire the relevant grammatical distribution, L2 learners must successfully acquire (i) licensing restrictions on argument structure and (ii) underlying lexical semantic representations of individual verbs. Three groups of L2 learners ( n = 66) and a group of native Spanish speakers ( n = 19) completed two judgment tasks (one with aural stimuli and one with written stimuli) which presented object experiencer psych verbs in multiple argument structures. Results show that advanced L2 learners are largely sensitive to the distribution tested here; however, while they have acquired relevant licensing restrictions, they may associate fixed feature settings with verbs that allow variable feature settings. These results are consistent with predictions made by the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis and highlight the role of lexical semantic features in second language acquisition.

Intensional Gaps: Relating veridicality, factivity, doxasticity, bouleticity, and neg-raising

We investigate which patterns of lexically triggered doxastic, bouletic, neg(ation)-raising, and veridicality inferences are (un)attested across clause-embedding verbs in English. To carry out this investigation, we use a multiview mixed effects mixture model to discover the inference patterns captured in three lexicon-scale inference judgment datasets: two existing datasets, MegaVeridicality and MegaNegRaising, which capture veridicality and neg-raising inferences across a wide swath of the English clause-embedding lexicon, and a new dataset, MegaIntensionality, which similarly captures doxastic and bouletic inferences. We focus in particular on inference patterns that are correlated with morphosyntactic distribution, as determined by how well those patterns predict the acceptability judgments in the MegaAcceptability dataset. We find that there are 15 such patterns attested. Similarities among these patterns suggest the possibility of underlying lexical semantic components that give rise to them. We use principal component analysis to discover these components and suggest generalizations that can be derived from them.

On introducing free indirect speech in Russian translation despite the absence of corresponding structures in the English original

The article analyzes the most typical cases of introducing free indirect speech in the Russian translation where there are no corresponding structures in the English original. Typical non-free-indirectspeech structures and contexts in the source text are explored, such as may materialize as free indirect speech in the target text. The study employs qualitative methods including lexical-semantic, contextual and comparative analysis of the source text and the target text. As for the structure, this paper has been divided into two parts. First, a theoretical background for the problem is established, involving the theories by Ia. I. Retsker and D. V. Psurtsev. The paper then goes on to examine translators’ choices to generate new interference of the narrator’s text and the character’s text. The cases when free indirect speech may arise in the Russian translation are typically based on kindred forms of the character’s speech representation in the English original, long descriptions of a situation where the character acts, complex sentences with content clauses, containing the character’s thoughts and emotions. The analysis suggests that the decision to introduce free indirect speech patterns into translation can be based on the typological differences between the languages in question, or on logical and stylistic “inclinations” of a given fragment. Therefore, the decisions to introduce free indirect speech fall into two groups, obligatory and possible respectively. If such choices by Russian translators constitute a tendency, a certain correlation of syntactic patterns and contexts may be established. The results obtained in the study may be used by translators of literary texts.

Intensifiers in the Language of the 21st Century: Word-Building, Semantics, Syntagmatics and Dynamics of Evalution

The article considers the categories of evaluation and intensity in cognitive and pragmatic aspects. The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between the categories of evaluation and intensity based on the material of word-building and lexical-semantic units from lexicographic sources and media and fiction texts. As a result of the research, word-building and lexical-semantic intensifiers are characterized by the use of word-building, semantic and contextual methods. The article shows such kinds of intensifiers as affixes and affixoides in neoderivatives, neoderivatives created on the base of reduplication. The article shows the estimated ambivalence of dimensional-evaluative affixes, in connection with pragmatic conditions, context and semantics of productive base. The article describes such an extension of the functional range of intensifiers as oxymoron quality and ambivalence of lexical intensifiers. The functions of the intensifiers (pragmatic and stylistic) are defined. The repeatability of syntagmatic bias models indicates the dynamics of evaluation in the class of lexical intensifiers in the Russian language of the modern period. The phenomena described in the article generally show the development of the semantic category of intensity in the Russian language of the 21 st century, which is expressed in the dynamics of its components, such as word-building means, word-building units, lexical units.

New Lexis in the Interaction of Languages and Cultures: The Case of "Selfie" in the Lithuanian Language

New Lexis in the Interaction of Languages and Cultures: The Case of Selfie in the Lithuanian LanguageThis article deals with the adaptation of the English neologism selfie in the Lithuanian language. It sheds light on how selfie first appeared in Australian English back in 2002 and on the socialisation and lexicalisation of this word in the English and Lithuanian languages. The aim here is to analyse the characteristics of the usage of the neologism selfie and its adapted form selfis in the Lithuanian language as well as its rivalry with other Lithuanian equivalents of the word.Based on the usage data obtained from the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, the online corpus WebCorp, and the Google search engine, the loanword selfie was found to have first appeared in Lithuanian blogs back in 2013 at the latest. After a brief period of time, in early 2014 or sooner, it began vying with its Lithuanian equivalent, asmenukė. Eventually, with the formational families of selfis and asmenukė expanding, two rival lexical semantic systems have emerged in the Lithuanian language, both consisting of what usually are variations of the name of the object (selfie, selfis and asmenukė, asmenutė, asmeninukė), actor (selfininkas, -ė, selfukininkas, -ė and asmenukininkas, -ė), action (selfintis and asmenukintis), and additional tool (selfi stikas, selfio lazda and asmenuklazdė), as well as the different new versions thereof.After it had made its way into the Lithuanian language, the English neologism selfie (selfis), as the name for a new sociocultural phenomenon with its own semantic and formational family, became anchored there and was adapted to the inflectional system of the host language just as it provided an impetus for producing local equivalents. This case can be considered to be a typical mini-model, one that demonstrates what happens when a loanword for a new and trendy element of reality, which therefore has a considerable potential to spread, enters the Lithuanian language. Without a shadow of doubt, similar processes are also taking place in other languages that have borrowed this word. New comparative neological studies of other languages would help us form a better understanding of the origin, functioning, and prevalence of neologisms, as well as the mechanisms of how local equivalents of borrowings are made and how they compete with them. Nowa leksyka w interakcji języków i kultur: przypadek selfie w języku litewskimNiniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony adaptacji angielskiego neologizmu selfie w języku litewskim. Rzuca światło na to, jak słowo selfie pojawiło się po raz pierwszy w australijskiej odmianie języka angielskiego w 2002 roku oraz na jego socjalizację i leksykalizację w języku angielskim i języku litewskim. Opracowanie ma na celu analizę cech użycia neologizmu selfie i zaadaptowanej formy selfis w języku litewskim oraz jego rywalizacji z innymi litewskimi odpowiednikami.Na podstawie informacji z Bazy Danych Litewskich Neologizmów, internetowego korpusu WebCorp i wyszukiwarki Google, stwierdzono, że zapożyczenie selfie pojawiło się po raz pierwszy na litewskich blogach najpóźniej w 2013 roku. Wkrótce, na początku 2014 roku lub wcześniej, zaczęło rywalizować ze swoim litewskim odpowiednikiem: asmenukė. Ostatecznie, wraz z rozwojem rodzin wyrazów selfis i asmenukė, w języku litewskim pojawiły się dwa rywalizujące ze sobą leksykalne systemy semantyczne, składające się z odmian nazwy obiektu (selfie, selfis i asmenukė, asmenutė, asmeninukė), aktora (selfininkas, -ė, selfukininkas, -ė i asmenukininkas, -ė), czynności (selfintis i asmenukintis) i dodatkowego narzędzia (selfi stikas, selfio lazda i asmenuklazdė) oraz rozmaitych nowych wersji tych nazw.Po przejściu do języka litewskiego, angielski neologizm selfie (selfis), jako nazwa nowego zjawiska społeczno-kulturowego z własną rodziną semantyczną i słowotwórczą, został w nim zakotwiczony i dostosowany do rodzimego systemu fleksyjnego i dał impuls do tworzenia lokalnych odpowiedników. Ten przypadek można w pewnym sensie uznać za modelowy, pokazuje bowiem, co się dzieje, gdy zapożyczenie nazwy na określenie nowego i bardzo modnego elementu rzeczywistości, który ma zatem znaczny potencjał rozprzestrzeniania się, wchodzi do języka litewskiego. Podobne procesy bez wątpienia zachodzą również w innych językach, które zapożyczyły to słowo. Podjęcie nowych badań porównawczych pomogłoby lepiej zrozumieć powstawanie, funkcjonowanie i rozpowszechnianie się neologizmów, a także mechanizmy tworzenia rodzimych odpowiedników i ich konkurowania z zapożyczeniami.

(Non)pandemic Youth Speak. On Lexical-Semantic Tendencies in the Polish Language of the Youth

This article presents the latest lexical tendencies in the language of contemporary Polish youth. The directions of the dominance of certain meanings were analysed on the basis of the submissions for the Youth Word of the Year contest (2020), as well as the online slang dictionary miejski.pl. The data obtained comes from natural users of the language and is based on their linguistic awareness and intuition. Dominant semantic fields were distinguished, namely human, interpersonal relationships, attitudes towards life, cultural preferences, etc. Coining new terms in these areas is accompanied by expressiveness, humour, and playing with language norms. Despite the occurrence of new words connected with the Covid-19 pandemic, they have not been widely represented among those lexical and semantic units considered interesting and worth mentioning.

New Verbal Lexemes of the Word-Formative Family with a Base “Corona” in the German Vocabulary of the Pandemic Period: Structural and Semantic Analysis

The article considers the structural and semantic peculiarities of German colloquial verbs, which belong to the word formation family with the base “Corona”. The article analyzes the lexemes formed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from October 2019 to May 2021. In the course of the study new verbs not listed in the lexicographical sources have been found. The majority of these verbal lexemes are occasional: they are identified by small frequencies and only function within the framework of certain types of text in the Internet discourse (blogs, Twitter, social networks). The author specifies the meaning of some verbs entered in the lexicographical base of the Leibniz-Institute for German Language (OWID.de). The author describes both the formal and the lexical-semantic structures of verbal lexemes, considers their word-forming and lexical-semantic relations that combine the motivating noun “corona” and derived words. The study characterizes the models of building the colloquial verbal lexemes, which are currently productive and highly active in the context of the German “coronavirus discourse”. The study proves that the German vocabulary expanded at the time of Covid-19 pandemic through the suffixal word-forming models and the formation of verbs with prepositional and adverbial particles. The study shows that the models of the formation of verbal units with prepositional and adverbial components are particularly active, while the prefixal models are not active in the formation of verbs with the component “Corona”. The author analyzes examples of the use of the lexemes in context, which are presented in the text corpus of the Google search system, determines the frequency of the verbal units. The article clearly shows the differences in the meaning and functioning of verbal lexemes. The article notes some peculiarities of their lexical compatibility.