Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A), a dinucleotide, exerts vascular influence via purinergic receptors (PR). We investigated the effects of Up4A on angiogenesis and the putative PR involved. Tubule formation assay was performed in a three-dimensional system, in which human endothelial cells were cocultured with pericytes with various Up4A concentrations for 5 days. Expression of PR subtypes and angiogenic factors was assessed in human endothelial cells with and without P2Y6R antagonist. No difference in initial tubule formation was detected between Up4A stimulation and control conditions at day 2. In contrast, a significant increase in vascular density in response to Up4A was observed at day 5. Up4A at an optimal concentration of 5 μM promoted total tubule length, number of tubules, and number of junctions, all of which were inhibited by the P2Y6R antagonist MRS2578. Higher concentrations of Up4A (10 μM) had no effects on angiogenesis parameters. Up4A increased mRNA level of P2YRs (P2Y2R, P2Y4R, and P2Y6R) but not P2XR (P2X4R and P2X7R) or P1R (A2AR and A2BR), while Up4A upregulated VEGFA and ANGPT1, but not VEGFR2, ANGPT2, Tie1, and Tie2. In addition, Up4A increased VEGFA protein levels. Transcriptional upregulation of P2YRs by Up4A was inhibited by MRS2578. In conclusion, Up4A is functionally capable of promoting tubule formation in an in vitro coculture system, which is likely mediated by pyrimidine-favored P2YRs but not P2XRs or P1Rs, and involves upregulation of angiogenic factors.
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate acts as a proangiogenic factor in vitro through purinergic P2Y receptors
