Background: We aimed to compare periprocedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with postprocedural transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation (AR). Methods and Results: TEE and TTE images of 163 transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients (mean age 81 ± 8 years; 56% men) were reviewed separately and blinded to each other as well as to all clinical data. The median time between TEE during TAVR (TEE/TAVR) and TTE was 4 days (IQR 2-10 days). After TAVR, 48% of the patients had at least trace AR by TEE, 56% by angiography and 67% by TTE. The majority of AR was paravalvular (78%). More patients were classified with mild-to-moderate AR by TTE than by TEE (44 vs. 22%, p < 0.01). When examining the 46 patients with AR by TTE which was not at TEE/TAVR, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were significantly higher during TTE than during TEE (mean ΔSBP = 9 ± 4 mm Hg and mean ΔDBP = 6 ± 2 mm Hg, p < 0.01 for both). No differences in BP between TEE and TTE were found among patients with no AR or among those who had AR in both studies. At a median follow-up of 185 days (IQR 39-424 days), the overall mortality was 17%, but this was not associated with the presence of AR on TTE or TEE. Conclusions: Patients' hemodynamic conditions may result in underdiagnosis of paravalvular regurgitation in periprocedural TEE. Our findings suggest that a postprocedural evaluation for AR by TTE could serve as a reasonable alternative to TEE for the evaluation of AR.
Comparison of the mitral valve morphologies of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and dogs of other breeds using 3D transthoracic echocardiography
