Reduction of total-cost and average-cost MDPs with weakly continuous transition probabilities to discounted MDPs

This paper considers a version of the Hawk–Dove game of Maynard Smith and Price (1973) in which animals compete for a sequence of food items. Actions may depend on an animal's energy reserves. Costs and transition probabilities under a given policy depend on the mean level of aggressiveness, p, of the rest of the population. We find the optimal policy for a single animal under an average cost criterion when ρ is constant over time. We then consider the whole interacting population when individual members follow the same stationary policy. It is shown that the mean aggressiveness, p, asymptotically approaches a limiting value in this population. We then consider the existence of evolutionarily stable strategies for the population. It is shown that such strategies always exist but may not be unique.

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Kolmogorov's differential equations for non-stationary, countable state Markov processes with uniformly continuous transition probabilities

Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ◽

10.1017/s0305004100047538 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 119-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gerald S. Goodman ◽

S. Johansen

Keyword(s):

Markov Chain ◽

Differential Equations ◽

State Space ◽

Markov Processes ◽

Transition Probabilities ◽

The State ◽

Continuous Transition ◽

Countable State Space ◽

Countable State ◽

Uniformly Continuous

1. SummaryWe shall consider a non-stationary Markov chain on a countable state space E. The transition probabilities {P(s, t), 0 ≤ s ≤ t <t0 ≤ ∞} are assumed to be continuous in (s, t) uniformly in the state i ε E.

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Abstract 131: Reduction Of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Utilization And Cost While Maintaining Quality Patient Care

Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes ◽

10.1161/circoutcomes.6.suppl_1.a131 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

janet simsic ◽

Sheilah Harrison ◽

Laura Evans ◽

Richard McClead ◽

Douglas Teske

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Patient Care ◽

Average Cost ◽

Control Charts ◽

Right Heart Failure ◽

Practice Variation ◽

Inhaled Nitric Oxide ◽

Total Cost ◽

Guideline Compliance ◽

Quality Patient Care

Background: There is evidence that decreasing practice variation and following clinical guidelines improves patient outcomes and reduces cost. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is an effective but expensive treatment for pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in patients with congenital or acquired heart disease. Our primary aim was to implement standardized initiation and weaning guidelines for iNO usage in the cardiac intensive care unit (CTICU). Secondary aim was to reduce utilization and cost of iNO while maintaining quality patient care. Methods: Retrospective review of patients from Jan 2011-Dec 2012 who received iNO in the CTICU including outcomes, utilization and cost. Implementation of standardized initiation and weaning guidelines for iNO usage began in Jan 2012. Quality tools utilized during project development and implementation included Fishbone diagram, Key Driver diagram, Run charts and Control charts. Results: From Jan 2011-Dec 2011, 34 patients (6% of CTICU admissions, n=547) received iNO for an average of 177+127 hrs (range 2-661 hrs). Mortality of patient who received iNO was 50%. Total cost of iNO was $335,204; average cost per patient was $9859. Standardized initiation and weaning guidelines for iNO usage were implemented in Jan 2012. From Jan 2012-Dec 2012, 40 patients (7% of CTICU admissions, n= 554) received iNO for an average of 125+135 hrs (range 2-657 hrs). Mortality of patient who received iNO was 20%. Total cost of iNO was $380,823; average cost per patient was $9520. Initiation guideline compliance improved from 83% in 1st quarter to 86% in 4th quarter of 2012; weaning guideline compliance improved from 17% in 1st quarter to 79% in 4th quarter of 2012. There was an 8.3% increase in cost of iNO per hr from 2011 to 2012. Conclusions: Implementation of standardized initiation and weaning guidelines for iNO in the CTICU was successful in reducing iNO utilization (from 177+127 hrs/patient to 125+135 hrs/patient) and cost per patient (cost of iNO/hr increased) while maintaining quality patient care. However, the change was not statistically significant.

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Assessment of regional features of state and municipal procurements

Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki ◽

10.21499/2078-4023-2020-43-2-122-128 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 122-128

Author(s):

Ю.С. Пиньковецкая

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Small Business ◽

Average Cost ◽

Total Cost ◽

Regional Features ◽

Business Entities ◽

Regions Of Russia

Целью исследования является оценка показателей, описывающих региональные особенности закупок для государственных и муниципальных нужд. Рассматривались следующие показатели: средняя стоимость одного контракта по каждому из регионов, средняя стоимость контрактов, в выполнении которых участвуют субъекты малого предпринимательства, экономия при заключении контрактов, доля количества контрактов, в выполнении которых участвуют субъекты малого предпринимательства, и их доля в общей стоимости контрактов. В исследовании использованы данные, сформированные на основании Единой информационной системы по 82 регионам России. The purpose of the study is to evaluate indicators describing regional features of procurement for state and municipal needs. The following indicators were considered: the average cost of one contract for each of the regions, the average cost of contracts in which small business entities participate, savings in concluding contracts, the share of the number of contracts in which small business entities participate, and their share in the total cost of contracts. The study uses data generated on the basis of a Unified information system for 82 regions of Russia.

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