Data on live birds and previously published data reveal that female Dotterel (Charadrius morinellus) were on average larger than males for all measurements. However, sexual dimorphism on the basis of size appears weaker than expected when Dotterel are compared with closely related monogamous species. Female museum specimens have less disrupted (brighter) plumage colours than males, and dimorphism in plumage is more pronounced than it is in size. A discriminant analysis based on plumage characters did not separate the sexes totally, however. Females moult earlier in the spring than males, but summer plumage is still not fully developed for all females by the first period of pair formation, suggesting that female plumage is most important in reproduction only after the first clutch is complete. No significant differences were evident in wing length and plumage colour between 1882–1917 and 1957–1982. Time–activity studies on the polyandrous Dotterel during the arrival, prelaying, and egg-laying periods showed small differences between the sexes in the amount of time devoted to agonistic and courtship behaviour. Data from prelaying periods showed no difference between the sexes as to who initiates bouts of courtship and agonistic behaviour. The behaviour of paired birds was highly synchronized. Three hypotheses on the slight sexual dimorphism in size and plumage of this polyandrous species are presented and discussed.
Correlated Triplet Pair Formation Activated by Geometry Relaxation in Directly Linked Tetracene Dimer (5,5′-Bitetracene)
