scholarly journals Ecological uncertainty favours the diversification of host use in avian brood parasites

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Antonson ◽  
Dustin R. Rubenstein ◽  
Mark E. Hauber ◽  
Carlos A. Botero
2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1769) ◽  
pp. 20180202 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Tartally ◽  
Jeremy A. Thomas ◽  
Christian Anton ◽  
Emilio Balletto ◽  
Francesca Barbero ◽  
...  

The range of hosts exploited by a parasite is determined by several factors, including host availability, infectivity and exploitability. Each of these can be the target of natural selection on both host and parasite, which will determine the local outcome of interactions, and potentially lead to coevolution. However, geographical variation in host use and specificity has rarely been investigated. Maculinea (= Phengaris ) butterflies are brood parasites of Myrmica ants that are patchily distributed across the Palæarctic and have been studied extensively in Europe. Here, we review the published records of ant host use by the European Maculinea species, as well as providing new host ant records for more than 100 sites across Europe. This comprehensive survey demonstrates that while all but one of the Myrmica species found on Maculinea sites have been recorded as hosts, the most common is often disproportionately highly exploited. Host sharing and host switching are both relatively common, but there is evidence of specialization at many sites, which varies among Maculinea species. We show that most Maculinea display the features expected for coevolution to occur in a geographic mosaic, which has probably allowed these rare butterflies to persist in Europe. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
James V. Briskie

Abstract Host-specific brood parasites use a limited diversity of host species to raise their young. The two species of parasitic cuckoo that occur in New Zealand, Shining Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus) and Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamys taitensis), are both host specific despite the availability of other apparently suitable species to act as hosts. To determine if host specificity has been shaped by the widespread occurrence of egg rejection among potential hosts, I tested the response of nine native passerine species to brood parasitism by the experimental addition of artificial cuckoo eggs to their nests. Artificial Shining Cuckoo eggs were rejected at least some of the time in eight of nine species tested, but levels of rejection were generally low. The majority of hosts accepted artificial Long-tailed Cuckoo eggs, and only the Brown Creeper (Mohoua novaeseelandiae) rejected eggs of both cuckoos. The occurrence of egg rejection in species currently not used as hosts (e.g., New Zealand Robin [Petroica australis]) suggests that they may have been parasitized by cuckoos in the past. Although egg rejection appears to limit the number of species currently suitable as hosts, it is not clear why acceptor species such as Fantails (Rhipidura fuliginosa) and Bellbirds (Anthornis melanura) are rarely parasitized, nor why egg mimicry as a counteradaptation to rejector species such as Brown Creepers and the New Zealand Pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) is poorly developed. On islands with depauperate avifaunas such as New Zealand, it is possible that the evolution of antiparasite adaptations in a small number of potential hosts may restrict the ability of brood parasites to evolve generalist strategies of host use. Frecuencia de Rechazo de Huevos por Hospederos Potenciales de los Cucos de Nueva Zelanda Resumen. Los parásitos de cría hospedero-específico utilizan una diversidad limitada de especies hospederas para criar a sus pichones. Las dos especies de cucos parásitos que se encuentran en Nueva Zelanda, Chrysococcyx lucidus y Eudynamys taitensis, son hospedero-específicas a pesar de la disponibilidad de otras especies aparentemente apropiadas para servir como hospederas. Para determinar si la especificidad de hospedero ha sido moldeada por una alta frecuencia de rechazo de huevos por parte de los hospederos potenciales, puse a prueba la respuesta de nueve especies de paserinos nativos ante el parasitismo de cría añadiendo huevos de cucos en sus nidos experimentalmente. Los huevos artificiales de C. lucidus fueron rechazados al menos algunas veces en ocho de las nueve especies estudiadas, pero los niveles de rechazo fueron generalmente bajos. La mayoría de los hospederos aceptaron los huevos artificiales de E. taitensis, y sólo Mohoua novaeseelandiae rechazó los huevos de ambos cucos. La ocurrencia de rechazo de huevos en especies no utilizadas actualmente como hospederos (e.g., Petroica australis) sugiere que éstas podrían haber sido parasitadas por cucos en el pasado. Aunque el rechazo de huevos parece limitar el número de especies actualmente apropiadas para servir como hospederas, no es claro por qué especies que aceptan los huevos (como Rhipidura fuliginosa y Anthornis melanura) son raramente parasitadas, ni por qué está poco desarrollado el mimetismo de huevos como una contra-adaptación ante especies que rechazan los huevos (como M. novaeseelandiae y Anthus novaeseelandiae). En islas con avifaunas empobrecidas como Nueva Zelanda, es posible que la evolución de adaptaciones antiparásitos en un pequeño número de hospederos potenciales restrinja la habilidad de los parásitos de cría para evolucionar hacia estrategias generalistas de uso de hospederos.


2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1269-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ellison ◽  
S.G. Sealy ◽  
H.L. Gibbs

Species of avian brood parasites that use one or several species of hosts are called host specialists and generalists, respectively. To determine host use of individual bronzed cowbirds, Molothrus aeneus (Wagler, 1829), and brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783), we assigned maternity to eggs using microsatellite DNA markers. We measured patterns of host use by individual sympatric cowbirds. This allowed us to determine whether these species competed for host nests and the number of females laying at nests that were already parasitized by conspecifics. We monitored 1447 nests of 42 potential host species and found that each species of cowbird used primarily four host species, with minimal overlap in the species used, yet at least some individuals acted as generalists. Individual cowbirds tended to avoid laying again at nests each had already parasitized, and multiple parasitism was frequently due to same-day laying by more than one female (19% and 44% of 27 and 39 cases for brown-headed and bronzed cowbirds, respectively). Our results suggest that both cowbirds can differentially parasitize host species; however, host use does not appear to be refined, as many eggs were laid in already-parasitized nests when unparasitized nests of other suitable host species were available.


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