In vivo and in vitro absorption and binding to powdered stratum corneum as methods to evaluate skin absorption of environmental chemical contaminants from ground and surface water

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Wester ◽  
Mohammad Mobayen ◽  
Howard I. Maibach
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Skin Absorption ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Chemical Contaminants

Human Skin Binding and Absorption of Contaminants from Ground and Surface Water During Swimming and Bathing

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Wester ◽  
Howard I. Maibach
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Human Stratum Corneum ◽  
Water Dilution

Contaminants exist in ground and surface water. Human skin has the capacity to bind and then absorb these contaminants into the body during swimming and bathing. Powdered human stratum corneum will bind both lipid-soluble (alachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], benzene) and water-soluble (nitroaniline) chemicals. In vitro (human skin) and in vivo (Rhesus monkey) studies show that these chemicals readily distribute into skin, and then some of the chemical is absorbed into the body. Linearity in binding and absorption exists for nitroaniline over a 10-fold concentration range. Multiple exposure to benzene is at least cumulative. Binding and absorption can be significant for exposures as short as 30 min, and will increase with time. Absorption with water dilution increased for alachlor, but not for dinoseb. Soap reversed the partitioning of alachlor between human stratum corneum and water. The PCBs could be removed from skin by soap and water (70% efficiency) for up to 3 h and then decontamination potential decreased, due to continuing skin absorption. The model in vitro and in vivo systems used should permit easy estimation of this area of extensive human exposure effect on risk assessment.

scholarly journals The Effect of in Vivo Occlusion on Human Stratum Corneum Hydration-Dehydration in Vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Anderson ◽  
Jean M. Cassidy ◽  
John R. Hansen ◽  
Wilbur Yellin
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Human Stratum Corneum ◽  
Stratum Corneum Hydration

Interaction of Lipophilic Moisturizers on Stratum Corneum Lipid Domains in vitro and in vivo

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Caussin ◽  
G.S. Gooris ◽  
H.W.W. Groenink ◽  
J.W. Wiechers ◽  
J.A. Bouwstra
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Lipid Domains ◽  
Stratum Corneum Lipid

scholarly journals Keratin alterations during embryonic epidermal differentiation: a presage of adult epidermal maturation.

1982 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Banks-Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Weight Range ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Embryonic Skin ◽  
Thick Stratum ◽  
Keratin Proteins

Differentiation of the epidermis during embryonic rabbit development was found to be accompanied by dramatic changes in keratin proteins. Immunofluorescent labeling with keratin antiserum revealed that the undifferentiated epithelium of 12-d embryos was already committed to making keratin proteins. At 18 d of embryogenesis, the epithelium contained keratin proteins in the molecular weight range of 40,000-59,000. The stratification of the epithelium into two cell layers at 20 d of development coincided with the appearance of a 65-kdalton keratin. When a thick stratum corneum developed at 29 d, several additional keratins became prominent, most notably the large keratins (61- and 64-kdalton) and a 54-kdalton keratin. In addition, the 40-kdalton keratin, which had been present in earlier embryonic epidermis, disappeared. Newborn epidermis resembled that of a 29-d embryonic epidermis, with the exception of the appearance or increase in concentration of two more keratin species (46- and 50-kdalton). In vitro culturing of keratinocytes from 12- and 14-d embryonic skin demonstrated that these cells contained essentially the same keratin profiles as the undifferentiated epithelium of 18-d embryos (40-59 kdalton). Keratinocytes grown from older embryos contained increased amounts of keratin, similar to the in vivo situation, but did not synthesize the high molecular weight keratins. The changes observed during embryonic epidermal differentiation appear to be recapitulated during the sequential maturation steps of adult epidermis.

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