Indonesia is amongst agricultural countries whose majority of the population consume rice as their staple food. Rice rice production tends to increase year by year followed by the increasing of their byproducts such as rice husks. The majority of rice husk waste has been generally thrown away by burning on site which cause pollution and may negatively impact on the environmental sustainability. In fact, rice husk waste contains of about 20% silica which potentially be used as emulsion stabilizers. Biosilica could stabilize the interface between water and oil due to their hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity characteristics in nature. However, their wettability was greatly influenced by pH. In this experiment, the effect of pH of the outer continuous phase (W2) was investigated. The primary emulsion (W1/O) was prepared by mixing a 40% water phase containing gelatin 3% w/w relative to the aqueous phase and Tween-20 of 1.1% w/w relative to the primary emulsion with the remaining oil phase for 5 minutes. The primary emulsions were then dispersed into the aqueous phase (W2) of various pH (2; 3; and 5.7) by using a mixture of Tween-20 and biosilica as emulsifiers. The result showed that the most stable double emulsion was obtained upon the acidic pH of 2. There was no differences between the stability of double emulsion prepared at pH 2 and that of pH 3 after 7 days. However those prepared without pH adjustment (5.7) tended to be instable in the long-term. This implied that acidic pH would increase the packing density of biosilica in the interfaces thus enhancing the barrier properties of the droplets against coalescences. A stable food grade double emulsion would be very beneficial to develop low-fat emulsion products in various food applications. Furthermore, the inner aqueous phase could be used as a vehicle to encapsulate bio-active agents such as nutrients or antioxidants for the advancement of developments of functional food products.
The effect of different concentrations of tween-20 combined with rice husk silica on the stability of o/w emulsion: A kinetic study
