ALTERNATIVE, AGE- AND VIRAL LOAD-RELATED ROUTES OF NELFINAVIR RESISTANCE IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1-INFECTED CHILDREN RECEIVING HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1057-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Machado ◽  
John S. Lambert ◽  
Adriana O. Afonso ◽  
Silvia M. Cunha ◽  
Ricardo H. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals The Effect of Race/Ethnicity on the Outcome of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Infected Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Jensen‐Fangel ◽  
Lars Pedersen ◽  
Court Pedersen ◽  
Carsten Schade Larsen ◽  
Palle Tauris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Semen of Men Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

1998 ◽  
Vol 339 (25) ◽  
pp. 1803-1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Geethanjali Dornadula ◽  
Maria Beumont ◽  
Lawrence Livornese ◽  
Bonnie Van Uitert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcriptional Elongation in Resting CD4+ T Cells In Vivo

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (17) ◽  
pp. 9105-9114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara G. Lassen ◽  
Justin R. Bailey ◽  
Robert F. Siliciano
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A stable latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in resting memory CD4+ T cells presents a barrier to eradication of the infection even in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Potential mechanisms for latency include inaccessibility of the integrated viral genome, absence of key host transcription factors, premature termination of HIV-1 RNAs, and abnormal splicing patterns. To differentiate among these mechanisms, we isolated extremely pure populations of resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. These cells did not produce virus but retained the capacity to do so if appropriately stimulated. Products of HIV-1 transcription were examined in purified resting CD4+ T cells. Although short, prematurely terminated HIV-1 transcripts have been suggested as a marker for latently infected cells, the production of short transcripts had not been previously demonstrated in purified populations of resting CD4+ T cells. By separating RNA into polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated fractions, we showed that resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy produce abortive transcripts that lack a poly(A) tail and that terminate prior to nucleotide 181. Short transcripts dominated the pool of total HIV-1 transcripts in resting CD4+ T cells. Processive, polyadenylated HIV-1 mRNAs were also present at a low level. Both unspliced and multiply spliced forms were found. Taken together, these results show that the nonproductive nature of the infection in resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy is not due to absolute blocks at the level of either transcriptional initiation or elongation but rather relative inefficiencies at multiple steps.

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