THE USE OF COMBINED BLADDER AND EPISPADIAS REPAIR IN BOYS WITH CLASSIC BLADDER EXSTROPHY: OUTCOMES, COMPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES

2005 ◽  
Vol 174 (4 Part 1) ◽  
pp. 1421-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. BAIRD ◽  
R.I. MATHEWS ◽  
J.P. GEARHART
1998 ◽  
pp. 1182-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN P. GEARHART ◽  
RANJIV MATHEWS ◽  
SIAN TAYLOR ◽  
ROBERT D. JEFFS

2016 ◽  
Vol 195 (4S) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ward ◽  
David Chu ◽  
Jason Van Batavia ◽  
Aseem Shukla ◽  
Dana Weiss ◽  
...  

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (oct03 1) ◽  
pp. bcr0420114141-bcr0420114141
Author(s):  
R. Chaudhary ◽  
A. Apte ◽  
R. Mehta ◽  
A. Varshney ◽  
K. Singh ◽  
...  

1998 ◽  
Vol 160 (3 Part 2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN P. GEARHART ◽  
RANJIV MATHEWS ◽  
SIAN TAYLOR ◽  
ROBERT D. JEFFS

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Kufner ◽  
John P. Gearhart ◽  
Ranjiv Mathews

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen

Although rare, cleft bladder was known to the ancients: the infants did not die after birth, but grew up incontinent. Combined with abnormal genitalia, the malformation was confused with hermaphroditism, the most loathed congenital anomaly. Three grades were discerned in the 17th century: epispadias, where the urethra opens at the anterior side of the penis; bladder exstrophy with open anterior bladder wall; and cloacal exstrophy with common outlet for stool and urine. Explanations of its origin included obstructed urethra, short umbilical cord, and bursting allantois, bladder, abdominal wall, or cloacal membrane. As the incontinent children suffered from painful inguinal eczema, urine collecting devices were constructed from copper and tin, and from rubber once vulcanization was invented. Correcting operations were attempted from 1852 with limited success. Today, stepwise corrective surgery begins by closing the bony pelvis, bladder, and the abdominal wall, followed by epispadias repair and penis remodelling. No controlled trials or international protocols have come forth, and the long-term prognosis is all but satisfying.


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