Flocking starlings evade predators with ‘confusion effect’

This article criticizes the judicial review practice over trademarks infringement in Indonesia. This article argues that to be fair the court should consider the confusion effect to determine whether there is a trademarks infringement case in accordance with Art. 16.1 of the TRIPs Agreement. This article concludes that Indonesia needs to improve its legislation to meet the requirement of the TRIPs Agreement and to improve the judges quality in applying the Trademarks Law properly by considering its purpose which grants the trademark owner a protection of the trademark’s identity and a protection against confusion against unauthorized use by third parties. Artikel ini mengkritisi praktik yudisial atas kasus pelanggaran merek di Indonesia. Atas dasar itu artikel ini berargumen bahwa supaya adil maka pengadilan seyogianya mempertimbangkan efek kebingungan untuk menentukan apakah ada pelanggaran merek sesuai Art. 16.1 TRIPs Agreement. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia perlu memperbaiki legislasinya supaya sesuai tuntutan TRIPs Agreement dan meningkatkan kualitas hakimnya dalam menerapkan Hukum Merek secara memadai dengan mempertimbangkan aspek purposivenya untuk memberikan kepada pemilik merek perlindungan atas identitas mereknya itu sendiri dan perlindungan atas kebingungan yang ditimbulkan oleh penggunaan merek tanpa hak oleh pihak ketiga.

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Irrelevant Tapping and the Acoustic Confusion Effect

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.367 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 367-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Katherine Guérard ◽

Annie Jalbert ◽

Ian Neath ◽

Aimée M. Surprenant ◽

Tamra J. Bireta

Keyword(s):

Spatial Pattern ◽

Recall Performance ◽

Recall Task ◽

Acoustic Similarity ◽

Simple Experiment ◽

List Presentation ◽

Confusion Effect ◽

Acoustic Confusion ◽

Serial Recall Task ◽

The Difference

When items in a to-be-remembered list sound similar, recall performance is worse than when items are acoustically distinct, what is known as the acoustic confusion effect (ACE). When participants are asked to tap a syncopated rhythm during list presentation, the difference between the acoustically similar and dissimilar conditions is abolished; however, simple temporal and simple spatial tapping tasks have no effect. The objective of the present study is to examine whether spatial complexity is a property of the tapping task that interferes with the ACE. Participants were asked to tap a simple (Experiment 1) or a complex spatial pattern (Experiment 2) at a regular pace during a verbal serial recall task in which acoustic similarity was manipulated. The results showed that simple spatial tapping had no effect on the ACE, whereas complex spatial tapping significantly reduced the effect. Implications for three theories of memory are discussed.

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