scholarly journals A Cadaveric Investigation of the Dorsal Scapular Nerve

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vuvi H. Nguyen ◽  
Hao (Howe) Liu ◽  
Armando Rosales ◽  
Rustin Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Spinal Root ◽  
Scalene Muscle ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Cause Of Pain ◽  
Rhomboid Muscles ◽  
Levator Scapulae Muscle

Compression of the dorsal scapular nerve (DSN) is associated with pain in the upper extremity and back. Even though entrapment of the DSN within the middle scalene muscle is typically the primary cause of pain, it is still easily missed during diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to document the DSN’s anatomy and measure the oblique course it takes with regard to the middle scalene muscle. From 20 embalmed adult cadavers, 23 DSNs were documented regarding the nerve’s spinal root origin, anatomical route, and muscular innervations. A transverse plane through the laryngeal prominence was established to measure the distance of the DSN from this plane as it enters, crosses, and exits the middle scalene muscle. Approximately 70% of the DSNs originated from C5, with 74% piercing the middle scalene muscle. About 48% of the DSNs supplied the levator scapulae muscle only and 52% innervated both the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles. The average distances from a transverse plane at the laryngeal prominence where the DSN entered, crossed, and exited the middle scalene muscle were 1.50 cm, 1.79 cm, and 2.08 cm, respectively. Our goal is to help improve clinicians’ ability to locate the site of DSN entrapment so that appropriate management can be implemented.

scholarly journals An Unusual Anatomical Variation of the Levator Scapulae Muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 866-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Varjão Lima ◽  
Richard Halti Cabral ◽  
Danilo Leite Andrade ◽  
Nayara Soares de Oliveira Lacerda ◽  
Vital Fernandes Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Levator Scapulae Muscle

scholarly journals Levator scapulae muscle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bell ◽  
Henry Knipe
Keyword(s):  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Levator Scapulae Muscle

The nerve to the levator scapulae muscle as donor in brachial plexus surgery: an anatomical study and case series

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Roberto Sergio Martins ◽  
Mario Gilberto Siqueira ◽  
Carlos Otto Heise ◽  
Luciano Foroni ◽  
Hugo Sterman Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Supraclavicular Approach ◽  
Pectoral Nerve ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brachial Plexus Surgery ◽  
Anatomical Parameters ◽  
Levator Scapulae Muscle

OBJECTIVENerve transfers are commonly used in treating complete injuries of the brachial plexus, but donor nerves are limited and preferentially directed toward the recovery of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction. The aims of this study were to characterize the anatomical parameters for identifying the nerve to the levator scapulae muscle (LSN) in brachial plexus surgery, to evaluate the feasibility of transferring this branch to the suprascapular nerve (SSN) or lateral pectoral nerve (LPN), and to present the results from a surgical series.METHODSSupra- and infraclavicular exposure of the brachial plexus was performed on 20 fresh human cadavers in order to measure different anatomical parameters for identification of the LSN. Next, an anatomical and histomorphometric evaluation of the feasibility of transferring this branch to the SSN and LPN was made. Lastly, the effectiveness of the LSN-LPN transfer was evaluated among 10 patients by quantifying their arm adduction strength.RESULTSThe LSN was identified in 95% of the cadaveric specimens. A direct coaptation of the LSN and SSN was possible in 45% of the specimens (n = 9) but not between the LSN and LPN in any of the specimens. Comparison of axonal counts among the three nerves did not show any significant difference. Good results from reinnervation of the major pectoral muscle (Medical Research Council grade ≥ 3) were observed in 70% (n = 7) of the patients who had undergone LSN to LPN transfer.CONCLUSIONSThe LSN is consistently identified through a supraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus, and its transfer to supply the functions of the SSN and LPN is anatomically viable. Good results from an LSN-LPN transfer are observed in most patients, even if long nerve grafts need to be used.

THE LEVATOR SCAPULAE MUSCLE – MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.3) ◽  
pp. 7169-7175
Author(s):  
K. Satheesh Naik ◽  
◽  
Sadhu Lokanadham ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Levator Scapulae Muscle

Unusual origin of the levator scapulae muscle from mastoid process

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranit N. Chotai ◽  
Marios Loukas ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs
Keyword(s):  
Mastoid Process ◽  
Levator Scapulae ◽  
Unusual Origin ◽  
Levator Scapulae Muscle

scholarly journals Mechanical characterization of fourth generation composite humerus

2011 ◽  
Vol 225 (12) ◽  
pp. 1169-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Grover ◽  
C Albert ◽  
M Wang ◽  
G F Harris
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Test Range ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Principal Strains

Mechanical data on upper extremity surrogate bones, supporting use as biomechanical tools, is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the structural behaviour of the fourth-generation composite humerus under simulated physiologic bending, specifically, stiffness, rigidity, and mid-diaphysial surface strains. Three humeri were tested in four-point bending, in anatomically defined anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) planes. Stiffness and rigidity were derived using load–displacement data. Principal strains were determined at the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral surfaces in the humeral mid-diaphysial transverse plane of one specimen using stacked rosettes. Linear structural behaviour was observed within the test range. Average stiffness and rigidity were greater in the ML (918 ± 18 N/mm; 98.4 ± 1.9 Nm2) than the AP plane (833 ± 16 N/mm; 89.3 ± 1.6 Nm2), with little inter-specimen variability. The ML/AP rigidity ratio was 1.1. Surface principal strains were similar at the anterior (5.41 µε/N) and posterior (5.43 µε/N) gauges for AP bending, and comparatively less for ML bending, i.e. 5.1 and 4.5 µε/N, at the medial and lateral gauges, respectively. This study provides novel strain and stiffness data for the fourth-generation composite humerus and also adds to published construct rigidity data. The presented results support the use of this composite bone as a tool for modelling and experimentation.

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