Stroboscopic simulations of three-dimensional rotating rigid structures can be perceived as highly nonrigid. To investigate this nonrigidity effect a sequence of either three (experiment 2 and 3) or thirty six frames (experiment 4) was used, each consisting of a set of dots with location on the horizontal axis corresponding to the parallel projection of a nominally defined helix. Observers were asked to judge the angle of rotation of eighty helices defined by the factorial combination of eight phase (φ) values (ie difference between the sinusoidal path of one dot and its neighbours) and ten different angular displacement values (α). When in each static frame the dots can be organized into curved dotted line (small values of φ), the perceived 3-D helices are highly nonrigid. But when shape information is not available in each static frame (high values of φ), the helices are perceived as rigid and rotation judgement is possible providing that α < 15°. It appears that at small values of φ observers fail to recover the rigid structure of the helices since the input to the structure from the motion process may be distorted.
Shape From Very Little: The Visual and Haptic Kinetic Depth Effect