Haemodynamic analysis of coronary artery bypass grafting in a non-linear deformable artery and Newtonian pulsatile blood flow

A three-dimensional (3D) computational model of stenotic coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) system with fluid—structure interaction (FSI) using realistic physiological conditions is introduced. Unsteady pulsatile blood flow is applied to the wall of non-linear deformable arteries over the systolic period. In the analysis, the arbitrarily Lagrangian—Eulerian (ALE) formulation is used to couple the fluid region and solid domain. The method couples the equations of the deformation of the artery wall and applies them as the fluid domain boundary condition. The flow distribution and haemodynamic forces are presented in terms of velocity profiles and temporal and spatial wall shear stresses (WSSs) at the distal area. Rapid changes in the flow fields are observed in the early stages of the cardiac cycle, which alters the location of the recirculation zone from the toe to the host bed and then to the heel. The migration of the recirculation zone, considering the effect of deformability of the artery wall, indicates the same trend as the rigid wall model according to the location of low and high WSSs. However, the WSSs in the critical areas such as toe, heel, and suture lines are found to have dramatic drops in magnitudes in comparison with those of the rigid wall model. This could initiate the promotion of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and may cause an early graft failure in CABG.