This tutorial covers validation of gyrokinetic turbulent-transport models via comparison of measured turbulence with realistic simulations of fusion plasmas. It presents a brief history of validation of gyrokinetic simulations, the principal challenges encountered, a limited survey of common turbulence diagnostics used on tokamaks and stellarators, an overview of the fundamentals of synthetic diagnostic models and a discussion of frontiers in turbulent-transport model validation.
Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements