scholarly journals FACT For Fast And Three-Dimensional Imaging of Intact Tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Farrar ◽  
Arezoo Khoradmehr ◽  
Kazuyoshi Tsutsui ◽  
Yuanyuan He ◽  
Neda Baghban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Refractive Index Matching ◽  
3D Matrix ◽  
Perfusion Fixation ◽  
Microscopy And Imaging

Abstract Free of Acrylamide Sodium Fast Free-of-Acrylamide Clearing Tissue (FACT) is a developed technique using no acrylamide for clearing tissues. As the lipid removal normally is a harmful process and it causes loss of biological molecules such as proteins and on the other hand is crucial for transparency and efficient antibody staining throughout the whole tissue especially for microscopy and imaging, the FACT technique is suitable since it makes chemical bonding of membrane and intracellular proteins with the extracellular matrix creating a massive three-dimensional (3D) matrix and structural support to fortify the tissue during processing. Compared to other acrylamide-based techniques, FACT requires less labor, toxic, and harmful chemicals. Here we describe protocols encompassing every angle and dimension of the FACT protocol for antibody staining and imaging of whole-cleared tissues while preserving the structure and increasing the image quality. The entire protocol includes tissue perfusion, fixation, clearing, antibody staining, Refractive Index Matching (RIM), microscopy, and imaging; this timing varies due to the size, weight, different kind of tissues and the type of immunostaining. This technique has been favorably performed on different types of tissues for molecular interrogation analysis of large tissues.

scholarly journals A Hepatic Scaffold from Decellularized Liver Tissue: Food for Thought

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Croce ◽  
Andrea Peloso ◽  
Tamara Zoro ◽  
Maria Antonietta Avanzini ◽  
Lorenzo Cobianchi
Keyword(s):  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Liver Tissue Engineering ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Synthetic Scaffolds ◽  
End Stage

Allogeneic liver transplantation is still deemed the gold standard solution for end-stage organ failure; however, donor organ shortages have led to extended waiting lists for organ transplants. In order to overcome the lack of donors, the development of new therapeutic options is mandatory. In the last several years, organ bioengineering has been extensively explored to provide transplantable tissues or whole organs with the final goal of creating a three-dimensional growth microenvironment mimicking the native structure. It has been frequently reported that an extracellular matrix-based scaffold offers a structural support and important biological molecules that could help cellular proliferation during the recellularization process. The aim of the present review is to underline the recent developments in cell-on-scaffold technology for liver bioengineering, taking into account: (1) biological and synthetic scaffolds; (2) animal and human tissue decellularization; (3) scaffold recellularization; (4) 3D bioprinting; and (5) organoid technology. Future possible clinical applications in regenerative medicine for liver tissue engineering and for drug testing were underlined and dissected.

Three-Dimensional Measurement of the Hydrocyclone Flow Field Using V3V

2014 ◽  
Vol 595 ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Jian Gang Wang ◽  
Hua Lin Wang ◽  
Xu Duan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Radial Velocity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Three Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Refractive Index Matching

The three dimensional three component (3D3C) flow field inside hydrocyclone was investigated using Volumetric 3-component Velocimetry (V3V). To improve the spatial resolution of the measurement, a refractive index matching method is used in the experiment. The three components of the velocity in the hydrocyclonic flow is measured, and the measurement produced huge amount of data, which enabled detailed analysis of the hydrocyclonic flow field. The tangential and axial is quasi-symmetric while the radial velocity is non-axisymmetric. The radial velocity is one order smaller in value than the other two component. Results show V3V with index matching is a robust method to the measurement of hydrocyclone flow field.

scholarly journals A photonic heterostructure produces diverse iridescent colours in duck wing patches

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (74) ◽  
pp. 2279-2289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad M. Eliason ◽  
Matthew D. Shawkey
Keyword(s):  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dabbling Ducks ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Refractive Index Matching ◽  
Ordered Nanostructures ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Production Mechanisms

The colours of birds are diverse but limited relative to the colours they can perceive. This mismatch may be partially caused by the properties of their colour-production mechanisms. Aside from pigments, several classes of highly ordered nanostructures (thin films, amorphous three-dimensional arrays) can produce a range of colours. However, the variability of any single nanostructural class has rarely been explored. Dabbling ducks are a speciose clade with substantial interspecific variation in the iridescent coloration of their wing patches (specula). Here, we use electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, polarization and refractive index-matching experiments, and optical modelling to examine these colours. We show that, in all species examined, speculum colour is produced by a photonic heterostructure consisting of both a single thin-film of keratin and a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of melanosomes in feather barbules. Although the range of possible variations of this heterostructure is theoretically broad, only relatively close-packed, energetically stable variants producing more saturated colours were observed, suggesting that ducks are either physically constrained to these configurations or are under selection for the colours that they produce. These data thus reveal a previously undescribed biophotonic structure and suggest that both physical variability and constraints within single nanostructural classes may help explain the broader patterns of colour across Aves.

Transition to turbulence over 2D and 3D periodic large-scale roughnesses

2016 ◽  
Vol 804 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Hamed ◽  
M. Sadowski ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
L. P. Chamorro
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transition To Turbulence ◽  
Transitional Region ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Laminar To Turbulent Transition ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Refractive Index Matching

A laboratory investigation was performed to study distinctive features of the laminar-to-turbulent transition over distributed roughness characterized by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) periodic, low-order topographies at roughness Reynolds number $Re_{k}\approx 300$. Systematic experiments were performed using high-spatial-resolution planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a refractive-index-matching (RIM) channel, where the roughness covered the entire length of the test section. The results show that the flow over the 2D roughness becomes turbulent much sooner than its 3D counterpart ($Re_{x}=50\,000$ versus 120 000). This is attributed to the presence of a velocity inflection point resulting from flow separation within the troughs of the 2D roughness. In the transitional region, unsteady disturbances above the two roughnesses appear upstream of near-roughness disturbances. The above-roughness disturbances are associated with the inflection point in the vertically displaced boundary layer for the 2D case, and with the mean velocity deficit resulting from the interaction of the wakes of upstream elements for the 3D case. The near-roughness fluctuations are associated with the shear layer present behind the crests of both roughnesses. The transitional region is characterized by the interaction between above- and near-roughness disturbances, which merge, leading to a rapid vertical growth of the turbulent fluctuations.

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