The classical option valuation models assume that the option payoff can be replicated by continuously adjusting a portfolio consisting of the underlying asset and a risk-free bond. This strategy implies a constant volatility for the underlying asset and perfect markets. However, the existence of non-zero transaction costs, the consequence of trading only at discrete points in time and the random nature of volatility prevent any portfolio from being perfectly hedged continuously and hence suppress any hope of completely eliminating all risks associated with derivatives. Building upon the uncertain parameters framework we present a model for pricing and hedging derivatives where the volatility is simply assumed to lie between two bounds and in the presence of transaction costs. It is shown that the non-arbitrageable prices for the derivatives, which arise in this framework, can be derived by a non-linear PDE related to the convexity of the derivatives. We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the error in the hedging strategy. We show that the standard arbitrage is exposed to such large risks and transaction costs that it can only establish very wide bounds on equilibrium prices, obviously in contradiction with the very tight bid-ask spreads of derivatives observed on the market. We explain how the market spreads can be compatible with our model through portfolio diversification. This has important implications for price determination in options markets as well as for testing of valuation models.
On Leland's Option Hedging Strategy with Transaction Costs
