scholarly journals The normal closure of big Dehn twists and plate spinning with rotating families

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 4113-4144 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Dahmani
Keyword(s):  
Normal Closure ◽  
Dehn Twists

Pseudo-Anosov Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benson Farb ◽  
Dan Margalit
Keyword(s):  
Braid Groups ◽  
Intersection Numbers ◽  
Branched Covers ◽  
Algebraic Integers ◽  
Dehn Twists ◽  
Mapping Classes ◽  
Dynamical Properties

This chapter focuses on the construction as well as the algebraic and dynamical properties of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms. It first presents five different constructions of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes: branched covers, constructions via Dehn twists, homological criterion, Kra's construction, and a construction for braid groups. It then proves a few fundamental facts concerning stretch factors of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms, focusing on the theorem that pseudo-Anosov stretch factors are algebraic integers. It also considers the spectrum of pseudo-Anosov stretch factors, along with the special properties of those measured foliations that are the stable (or unstable) foliations of some pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism. Finally, it describes the orbits of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism as well as lengths of curves and intersection numbers under iteration.

On 4-Engel Groups

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vaughan-Lee
Keyword(s):  
Normal Closure ◽  
Engel Group

In this note, the author proves that a group G is a 4-Engel group if and only if the normal closure of every element g ∈ G is a 3-Engel group

ON POWERS OF HALF-TWISTS IN M(0, 2n)

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGOR MASBAUM
Keyword(s):  
Mapping Class Group ◽  
Class Group ◽  
Normal Closure ◽  
Mapping Class ◽  
Infinite Index ◽  
Skein Theory ◽  
Half Twist

AbstractWe use elementary skein theory to prove a version of a result of Stylianakis (Stylianakis, The normal closure of a power of a half-twist has infinite index in the mapping class group of a punctured sphere, arXiv:1511.02912) who showed that under mild restrictions on m and n, the normal closure of the mth power of a half-twist has infinite index in the mapping class group of a sphere with 2n punctures.

scholarly journals The solution of length three equations over groups

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Howie
Keyword(s):  
Free Product ◽  
Cyclic Group ◽  
Normal Closure ◽  
Infinite Cyclic Group ◽  
Canonical Map ◽  
Equations Over Groups

Let G be a group, and let r = r(t) be an element of the free product G * 〈G〉 of G with the infinite cyclic group generated by t. We say that the equation r(t) = 1 has a solution in G if the identity map on G extends to a homomorphism from G * 〈G〉 to G with r in its kernel. We say that r(t) = 1 has a solution over G if G can be embedded in a group H such that r(t) = 1 has a solution in H. This property is equivalent to the canonical map from G to 〈G, t|r〉 (the quotient of G * 〈G〉 by the normal closure of r) being injective.

scholarly journals Explicit methods for the Hasse norm principle and applications to A n and S n extensions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ MACEDO ◽  
RACHEL NEWTON
Keyword(s):  
Galois Group ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Number Fields ◽  
Normal Closure ◽  
Explicit Methods ◽  
Weak Approximation ◽  
Norm Principle ◽  
Theoretical Results

Abstract Let K/k be an extension of number fields. We describe theoretical results and computational methods for calculating the obstruction to the Hasse norm principle for K/k and the defect of weak approximation for the norm one torus \[R_{K/k}^1{\mathbb{G}_m}\] . We apply our techniques to give explicit and computable formulae for the obstruction to the Hasse norm principle and the defect of weak approximation when the normal closure of K/k has symmetric or alternating Galois group.

scholarly journals The normal closure of a power of a half-twist has infinite index in the mapping class group of a punctured sphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
Charalampos Stylianakis
Keyword(s):  
Free Group ◽  
Braid Group ◽  
Mapping Class Group ◽  
Abelian Subgroup ◽  
Infinite Order ◽  
Class Group ◽  
Normal Closure ◽  
Mapping Class ◽  
Infinite Index ◽  
Half Twist

In this paper we show that the normal closure of the [Formula: see text]th power of a half-twist has infinite index in the mapping class group of a punctured sphere if [Formula: see text] is at least five. Furthermore, in some cases we prove that the quotient of the mapping class group of the punctured sphere by the normal closure of a power of a half-twist contains a free abelian subgroup. As a corollary we prove that the quotient of the hyperelliptic mapping class group of a surface of genus at least two by the normal closure of the [Formula: see text]th power of a Dehn twist has infinite order, and for some integers [Formula: see text] the quotient contains a free group. As a second corollary we recover a result of Coxeter: the normal closure of the [Formula: see text]th power of a half-twist in the braid group of at least four strands has infinite index. Our method is to reformulate the Jones representation of the mapping class group of a punctured sphere, using the action of Hecke algebras on [Formula: see text]-graphs, as introduced by Kazhdan–Lusztig.

scholarly journals Open books for Boothby-Wang bundles, fibered Dehn twists and the mean Euler characteristic

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
River Chiang ◽  
Fan Ding ◽  
Otto van Koert
Keyword(s):  
Euler Characteristic ◽  
Open Books ◽  
Dehn Twists ◽  
The Mean

The logarithms of Dehn twists

10.4171/qt/54 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nariya Kawazumi ◽  
Yusuke Kuno
Keyword(s):  
Dehn Twists

scholarly journals Centralisers of Dehn twist automorphisms of free groups

2015 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORITZ RODENHAUSEN ◽  
RICHARD D. WADE
Keyword(s):  
Free Group ◽  
Finite Index ◽  
Free Groups ◽  
Dehn Twist ◽  
Classifying Space ◽  
Dehn Twists ◽  
Automorphisms Of Free Groups

AbstractWe refine Cohen and Lustig's description of centralisers of Dehn twists of free groups. We show that the centraliser of a Dehn twist of a free group has a subgroup of finite index that has a finite classifying space. We describe an algorithm to find a presentation of the centraliser. We use this algorithm to give an explicit presentation for the centraliser of a Nielsen automorphism in Aut(Fn). This gives restrictions to actions of Aut(Fn) on CAT(0) spaces.

One-relator surface groups

1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subgroup ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Surface Group ◽  
Compact Surface ◽  
Heegaard Splitting ◽  
Normal Closure ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Homotopy Classes ◽  
Simple Loop ◽  
Proper Power

For X a subset of a group G, the smallest normal subgroup of G which contains X is called the normal closure of X and is denoted by ngp (X; G) or simply by ngp (X) if there is no possibility of ambiguity. By a surface group we mean the fundamental group of a compact surface. We are interested in determining when a normal subgroup of a surface group contains a simple loop – the homotopy class of an embedding of S1 in the surface, or more generally, a power of a simple loop. This is significant to the study of 3-manifolds since a Heegaard splitting of a 3-manifold is reducible (cf. [2]) if and only if the kernel of the corresponding splitting homomorphism contains a simple loop. We give an answer in the case that the normal subgroup is the normal closure ngp (α) of a single element α: if ngp (α) contains a (power of a) simple loop β then α is homotopic to a (power of a) simple loop and β±1 is homotopic either to (a power of) α or to the commutator [α, γ] of a with some simple loop γ meeting a transversely in a single point. This implies that if a is not homotopic to a power of a simple loop, then the quotient map π1(S) → π1(S)/ngp (α) does not factor through a group with more than one end. In the process we show that π1(S)/ngp (α) is locally indicable if and only if α is not a proper power and that α always lifts to a simple loop in the covering space Sα of S corresponding to ngp (α). We also obtain some estimates on the minimal number of double points in certain homotopy classes of loops.

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