scholarly journals The Theory of the Hydrogen Molecule Ion, Scalar Beams, and Scattering by Spheroids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rufus M Boyack
Keyword(s):  
Helmholtz Equation ◽  
Hydrogen Molecule ◽  
Separation Of Variables ◽  
New Method ◽  
Separation Parameter ◽  
Oblate Spheroidal ◽  
Prolate Spheroids ◽  
Heun Functions ◽  
Angular Equation ◽  
Spheroidal Coordinates

<p>Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen molecule ion and the Helmholtz equation are separable in prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates respectively. They share the same form of the angular equation. The first task in deriving the ground state energy of the hydrogen molecule ion, and in obtaining finite solutions of the Helmholtz equation, is to obtain the physically allowed values of the separation of variables parameter. The separation parameter is not known analytically, and since it can only have certain values, it is an important parameter to quantify. Chapter 2 of this thesis investigates an exact method of obtaining the separation parameter. By showing that the angular equation is solvable in terms of confluent Heun functions, a new method to obtain the separation parameter was obtained. We showed that the physically allowed values of the separation of variables parameter are given by the zeros of the Wronskian of two linearly dependent solutions to the angular equation. Since the Heun functions are implemented in Maple, this new method allows the separation parameter to be calculated to unlimited precision. As Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen molecule ion is related to Helmholtz's equation, this warranted investigation of scalar beams. Tightly focused optical and quantum particle beams are described by exact solutions of the Helmholtz equation. In Chapter 3 of this thesis we investigate the applicability of the separable spheroidal solutions of the scalar Helmholtz equation as physical beam solutions. By requiring a scalar beam solution to satisfy certain physical constraints, we showed that the oblate spheroidal wave functions can only represent nonparaxial scalar beams when the angular function is odd, in terms of the angular variable. This condition ensures the convergence of integrals of physical quantities over a cross-section of the beam and allows for the physically necessary discontinuity in phase at z = 0 on the ellipsoidal surfaces of otherwise constant phase. However, these solutions were shown to have a discontinuous longitudinal derivative. Finally, we investigated the scattering of scalar waves by oblate and prolate spheroids whose symmetry axis is coincident with the direction of the incident plane wave. We developed a phase shift formulation of scattering by oblate and prolate spheroids, in parallel with the partial wave theory of scattering by spherical obstacles. The crucial step was application of a finite Legendre transform to the Helmholtz equation in spheroidal coordinates. Analytical results were readily obtained for scattering of Schrodinger particle waves by impenetrable spheroids and for scattering of sound waves by acoustically soft spheroids. The advantage of this theory is that it enables all that can be done for scattering by spherical obstacles to be carried over to the scattering by spheroids, provided the radial eigenfunctions are known.</p>

scholarly journals The Theory of the Hydrogen Molecule Ion, Scalar Beams, and Scattering by Spheroids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rufus M Boyack
Keyword(s):  
Helmholtz Equation ◽  
Hydrogen Molecule ◽  
Separation Of Variables ◽  
New Method ◽  
Separation Parameter ◽  
Oblate Spheroidal ◽  
Prolate Spheroids ◽  
Heun Functions ◽  
Angular Equation ◽  
Spheroidal Coordinates

<p>Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen molecule ion and the Helmholtz equation are separable in prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates respectively. They share the same form of the angular equation. The first task in deriving the ground state energy of the hydrogen molecule ion, and in obtaining finite solutions of the Helmholtz equation, is to obtain the physically allowed values of the separation of variables parameter. The separation parameter is not known analytically, and since it can only have certain values, it is an important parameter to quantify. Chapter 2 of this thesis investigates an exact method of obtaining the separation parameter. By showing that the angular equation is solvable in terms of confluent Heun functions, a new method to obtain the separation parameter was obtained. We showed that the physically allowed values of the separation of variables parameter are given by the zeros of the Wronskian of two linearly dependent solutions to the angular equation. Since the Heun functions are implemented in Maple, this new method allows the separation parameter to be calculated to unlimited precision. As Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen molecule ion is related to Helmholtz's equation, this warranted investigation of scalar beams. Tightly focused optical and quantum particle beams are described by exact solutions of the Helmholtz equation. In Chapter 3 of this thesis we investigate the applicability of the separable spheroidal solutions of the scalar Helmholtz equation as physical beam solutions. By requiring a scalar beam solution to satisfy certain physical constraints, we showed that the oblate spheroidal wave functions can only represent nonparaxial scalar beams when the angular function is odd, in terms of the angular variable. This condition ensures the convergence of integrals of physical quantities over a cross-section of the beam and allows for the physically necessary discontinuity in phase at z = 0 on the ellipsoidal surfaces of otherwise constant phase. However, these solutions were shown to have a discontinuous longitudinal derivative. Finally, we investigated the scattering of scalar waves by oblate and prolate spheroids whose symmetry axis is coincident with the direction of the incident plane wave. We developed a phase shift formulation of scattering by oblate and prolate spheroids, in parallel with the partial wave theory of scattering by spherical obstacles. The crucial step was application of a finite Legendre transform to the Helmholtz equation in spheroidal coordinates. Analytical results were readily obtained for scattering of Schrodinger particle waves by impenetrable spheroids and for scattering of sound waves by acoustically soft spheroids. The advantage of this theory is that it enables all that can be done for scattering by spherical obstacles to be carried over to the scattering by spheroids, provided the radial eigenfunctions are known.</p>

Uniform asymptotic expansions for oblate spheroidal functions I: positive separation parameter λ

1992 ◽  
Vol 121 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 303-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Dunster
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Half Plane ◽  
Positive Constant ◽  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Bessel Functions ◽  
Small Positive Constant ◽  
Separation Parameter ◽  
Oblate Spheroidal ◽  
Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

SynopsisUniform asymptotic expansions are derived for solutions of the spheroidal wave equation, in the oblate case where the parameter µ is real and nonnegative, the separation parameter λ is real and positive, and γ is purely imaginary (γ = iu). As u →∞, three types of expansions are derived for oblate spheroidal functions, which involve elementary, Airy and Bessel functions. Let δ be an arbitrary small positive constant. The expansions are uniformly valid for λ/u2 fixed and lying in the interval (0,2), and for λ / u2when 0<λ/u2 < 1, and when 1 = 1≦λ/u2 < 2. The union of the domains of validity of the various expansions cover the half- plane arg (z)≦ = π/2.

Torsional oscillation of a homogeneous elastic spheroid

1962 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuo Usami ◽  
Yasuo Satô
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Mode ◽  
Free Oscillation ◽  
Torsional Oscillation ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
Higher Harmonics ◽  
Oblate Spheroidal ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Spectral Peaks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Spheroidal Coordinates

abstract There are several causes for the observations of splitting of the spectral peaks determined from the free oscillation of the earth. In this paper, the splitting due to the ellipticity is studied assuming a homogeneous earth described by oblate spheroidal coordinates. Ellipticity causes the iTn mode to split into (n + 1) modes, while the earth's rotation causes it to split into (2n + 1) modes. 1/297.0 is adopted as the ellipticity of the earth. Numerical calculations are carried out for the fundamental mode (n = 2, 3, 4) and for the first higher harmonics (n = 1). The difference between the extreme frequencies for each value of n is 0.7% (n = 2), 0.5% (n = 3), and 0.4% (n = 4).

scholarly journals Preconditioned Krylov Subspace Methods for Sixth Order Compact Approximations of the Helmholtz Equation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Gryazin
Keyword(s):  
Helmholtz Equation ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Krylov Subspace ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Separation Of Variables ◽  
Sixth Order ◽  
Test Problems ◽  
Iterative Approach ◽  
Preconditioned Matrix

We consider an efficient iterative approach to the solution of the discrete Helmholtz equation with Dirichlet, Neumann, and Sommerfeld-like boundary conditions based on a compact sixth order approximation scheme and lower order preconditioned Krylov subspace methodology. The resulting systems of finite-difference equations are solved by different preconditioned Krylov subspace-based methods. In the analysis of the lower order preconditioning developed here, we introduce the term “kth order preconditioned matrix” in addition to the commonly used “an optimal preconditioner.” The necessity of the new criterion is justified by the fact that the condition number of the preconditioned matrix in some of our test problems improves with the decrease of the grid step size. In a simple 1D case, we are able to prove this analytically. This new parameter could serve as a guide in the construction of new preconditioners. The lower order direct preconditioner used in our algorithms is based on a combination of the separation of variables technique and fast Fourier transform (FFT) type methods. The resulting numerical methods allow efficient implementation on parallel computers. Numerical results confirm the high efficiency of the proposed iterative approach.

scholarly journals Using Homo-Separation of Variables for Solving Systems of Nonlinear Fractional Partial Differential Equations

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Abdolamir Karbalaie ◽  
Hamed Hamid Muhammed ◽  
Bjorn-Erik Erlandsson
Keyword(s):  
Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Separation Of Variables ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
New Method ◽  
Fractional Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Partial Differential ◽  
Separation Of Variables Method ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear

A new method proposed and coined by the authors as the homo-separation of variables method is utilized to solve systems of linear and nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). The new method is a combination of two well-established mathematical methods, namely, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and the separation of variables method. When compared to existing analytical and numerical methods, the method resulting from our approach shows that it is capable of simplifying the target problem at hand and reducing the computational load that is required to solve it, considerably. The efficiency and usefulness of this new general-purpose method is verified by several examples, where different systems of linear and nonlinear FPDEs are solved.

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