scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN METODE NEWTON-RAPHSON DAN ALGORITMA GENETIK PADA PENENTUAN IMPLIED VOLATILITY SAHAM

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kania Evita Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Volatility Smile ◽  
Strike Price ◽  
Newton Raphson

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan implied volatility dari suatu saham dengan menggunakan algoritma genetika dan metode Newton-Raphson. Algoritma genetika yang merupakan suatu cara untuk mencari solusi masalah optimasi, tidak memerlukan sifat dari fungsi yang akan dicari solusinya, dapat menyelesaikan semua fungsi dengan syarat fungsi tersebut dapat diubah kedalam masalah optimasi. Dalam penelitian ini hasil perhitungan yang menggunakan algoritma genetika dibandingkan dengan hasil perhitungan dengan metode Newton-Raphson yang sudah biasa digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan implied volatility yang dihasilkan metode Newton-Raphson lebih mendekati volatilitas bursa dibanding yang dihasilkan algoritma genetika. Ini dapat dilihat dari selisih antara harga opsi teoritis dengan harga opsi dibursa yang dihasilkan metode Newton-Raphson lebih kecil dibanding yang dihasilkan algoritma genetika. Penelitian ini juga memperlihatkan bahwa volatilitas opsi put terhadap strike price berbentuk volatility smile dan untuk volatilitas opsi call terhadap strike price berbentuk volatility skew untuk opsi yang memiliki maturity time 1 bulan dan 2 bulan dan untuk maturity time yang lain volatilitasnya berbentuk volatility smile.

scholarly journals Implied volatility estimation of bitcoin options and the stylized facts of option pricing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noshaba Zulfiqar ◽  
Saqib Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Option Pricing ◽  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Volatility Smile ◽  
Stylized Facts ◽  
Approximation Techniques ◽  
Risk Hedging ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Option Pricing Model ◽  
Newton Raphson ◽  
Futures And Options

AbstractThe recently developed Bitcoin futures and options contracts in cryptocurrency derivatives exchanges mark the beginning of a new era in Bitcoin price risk hedging. The need for these tools dates back to the market crash of 1987, when investors needed better ways to protect their portfolios through option insurance. These tools provide greater flexibility to trade and hedge volatile swings in Bitcoin prices effectively. The violation of constant volatility and the log-normality assumption of the Black–Scholes option pricing model led to the discovery of the volatility smile, smirk, or skew in options markets. These stylized facts; that is, the volatility smile and implied volatilities implied by the option prices, are well documented in the option literature for almost all financial markets. These are expected to be true for Bitcoin options as well. The data sets for the study are based on short-dated Bitcoin options (14-day maturity) of two time periods traded on Deribit Bitcoin Futures and Options Exchange, a Netherlands-based cryptocurrency derivative exchange. The estimated results are compared with benchmark Black–Scholes implied volatility values for accuracy and efficiency analysis. This study has two aims: (1) to provide insights into the volatility smile in Bitcoin options and (2) to estimate the implied volatility of Bitcoin options through numerical approximation techniques, specifically the Newton Raphson and Bisection methods. The experimental results show that Bitcoin options belong to the commodity class of assets based on the presence of a volatility forward skew in Bitcoin option data. Moreover, the Newton Raphson and Bisection methods are effective in estimating the implied volatility of Bitcoin options. However, the Newton Raphson forecasting technique converges faster than does the Bisection method.

Stylized patterns of implied volatility in India: a case study of NSE Nifty options

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imlak Shaikh ◽  
Puja Padhi
Keyword(s):  
Term Structure ◽  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Options Market ◽  
Volatility Smile ◽  
Strike Price ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Option Pricing Model

Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the “volatility smile” or/and “skew”, term structure and implied volatility surfaces based on those European options written in the standard and poor (S&P) Nifty equity index. The stochastic nature of implied volatility across strike price, time-to-expiration and moneyness violates the core assumption of the Black–Scholes option pricing model. Design/methodology/approach – The potential determinants of implied volatility are the degree of moneyness, time-to-expiration and the liquidity of the strikes. The empirical work has been expressed by means of a simple ordinary least squares (OLS) framework and presents the estimation results according to moneyness, time-to-expiration and liquidity of options. Findings – The options data give evidence of the existence of a classical U-shaped volatility smile for the Indian options market. Indeed, there is some evidence that the “volatility smirk” which pertains to 30-day options and also implied volatility remain higher for the shorter maturity options and decrease as the time-to-expiration increases. The results lead us to believe that in-the-money calls and out-of-the-money puts are of higher volatility than at-the-money options. Conclusion was drawn due to the persistence of the smile in the options market. Practical implications – The practical implication of studying stylized patterns of implied volatility is that it educates the volatility traders about how in-the-money and out-of-the-money options are priced in the options market, and provides an estimate of volatility for the pricing of future options. Originality/value – This study is an extension of previous work. The undertaking has been to examine the case of a more liquid and transparent options market, which is missing from the earlier work. The current study is more relevant because, since 2008, significant changes have been observed in the futures and options market in India.

scholarly journals Pricing and hedging Asian options under Levy processes and robust long-term investing with learning about stock returns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Na
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Recursive Utility ◽  
Asian Options ◽  
Volatility Smile ◽  
Bivariate Model ◽  
Risky Assets ◽  
Fourier Cosine

In this work we propose a parametric model using the techniques of time-changed subordination that captures the implied volatility smile. We demonstrate that the Fourier-Cosine method can be used in a semi-static way to hedge for quadratic, VaR and AVaR risk. We also observe that investors looking to hedge VaR can simply hold the amount in a portfolio of mostly cash, whereas an investor hedging AVaR will need to hold more risky assets. We also extend ES risk to a robust framework. A conditional calibration method to calibrate the bivariate model is proposed. For a robust long-term investor who maximizes their recursive utility and learns about the stock returns, as the willingness to substitute over time increases, the equity demand decreases and consumption-wealth ratio increases. As the preference for robustness increases the demand for risk decreases. For a positive correlation, we observe that learning about returns encourages the investor to short the bond at all levels of u and vice versa

Implied Volatility of the KOSPI 200 Index Option Market

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-541
Author(s):  
Dam Cho
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Implied Volatility ◽  
Spot Price ◽  
Strike Price ◽  
Market Pricing ◽  
Put Options ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Index Option ◽  
Option Market

This paper analyzes implied volatilities (IVs), which are computed from trading records of the KOSPI 200 index option market from January 2005 to December 2014, to examine major characteristics of the market pricing behavior. The data includes only daily closing prices of option transactions for which the daily trading volume is larger than 300 contracts. The IV is computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The empirical findings are as follows; Firstly, daily averages of IVs have shown very similar behavior to historical volatilities computed from 60-day returns of the KOSPI 200 index. The correlation coefficient of IV of the ATM call options to historical volatility is 0.8679 and that of the ATM put options is 0.8479. Secondly, when moneyness, which is measured by the ratio of the strike price to the spot price, is very large or very small, IVs of call and put options decrease days to maturity gets longer. This is partial evidence of the jump risk inherent in the stochastic process of the spot price. Thirdly, the moneyness pattern showed heavily skewed shapes of volatility smiles, which was more apparent during the global financial crises period from 2007 to 2009. Behavioral reasons can explain the volatility smiles. When the moneyness is very small, the deep OTM puts are priced relatively higher due to investors’ crash phobia and the deep ITM calls are valued higher due to investors’ overconfidence and confirmation biases. When the moneyness is very large, the deep OTM calls are priced higher due to investors’ hike expectation and the deep ITM puts are valued higher due to overconfidence and confirmation biases. Fourthly, for almost all moneyness classes and for all sub-periods, the IVs of puts are larger than the IVs of calls. Also, the differences of IVs of deep OTM put ranges minus IVs of deep OTM calls, which is known to be a measure of crash phobia or hike expectation, shows consistent positive values for all sub-periods. The difference in the financial crisis period is much bigger than in other periods. This suggests that option traders had a stronger crash phobia in the financial crisis.

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