Inner-product spaces for quantitative analysis of eyes and other optical systems

Because dioptric power matrices of thin systems constitute a (three-dimensional) inner-product space, it is possible to define distances and angles in the space and so do quantitative analyses on dioptric power for thin systems. That includes astigmatic corneal powers and refractive errors. The purpose of this study is to generalise to thick systems. The paper begins with the ray transference of a system. Two 10-dimensional inner-product spaces are devised for the holistic quantitative analysis of the linear optical character of optical systems. One is based on the point characteristic and the other on the angle characteristic; the first has distances with the physical dimension L−1 and the second has the physical dimension L. A numerical example calculates the locations, distances from the origin and angles subtended at the origin in the 10-dimensional space for two arbitrary astigmatic eyes.