THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 65. Salsola pestifer A. Nels.

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. CROMPTON ◽  
I. J. BASSETT
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Salsola Kali ◽  
Railway Tracks ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Disturbed Habitats

In Canada, Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer A. Nels.) occurs in disturbed habitats in every province except Newfoundland. A key that separates three other closely elated species, Salsola kali L., S. collina Pall, and S. paulsenii Litv. is provided. Salsola kali occurs mainly on sandy beaches in the Maritime Provinces. S. collina is spreading in the province of Saskatchewan along railway tracks. It has recently been discovered in Ontario. Both S. collina and S. paulsenii are weedy in the adjacent western or in the southwestern United States, respectively. The biology of S. pestifer, the most common weedy species in the genus, is discussed.Key words: Weed biology, Salsola pestifer, Russian thistle

Giardia and Virus Monitoring of Sewage Effluent in the State of Arizona

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan B. Rose ◽  
Ricardo De Leon ◽  
Charles P. Gerba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
The State ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Arizona, located in the arid Southwestern United States, is heavily dependent on groundwater. In order to protect this limited resource, wastewater reuse has been implemented. Virus and Giardia monitoring of wastewater used for irrigation has also been initiated as a means for controlling the public's exposure to these pathogens. Treatment facilities must produce wastewater with no detectable Giardia cysts and one virus plaque forming unit (pfu) per 40 liters (L) for unrestricted reuse. For restricted reuse, 125 pfu/40 L is allowed. Methods based on filtration were used to monitor facilities at monthly, quarterly or biannual frequencies. Results after two years of monitoring are presented. All 11 treatment facilities produced water meeting the virus standard of 125 pfu/40 L. Only plants which used sand filtration and disinfection achieved consistent levels of virus below 1 pfu/40 L. Out of 70 samples, 74% contained no detectable viruses. Giardia was detected in 29 to 50% of the samples. Most plants would need to upgrade their treatment in order to meet standards for unrestricted irrigation.

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