Spuścizna świata antycznego w życiu politycznym Europy

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (0) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Tomasz Lenkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
European Tradition ◽  
Eastern Border

The precise conceptualization of a spatial dimension of Europe is highly controversial. Taking the diversity of criteria, factors and determinants into account, one may tell that Europe is perceived as a geographic, cultural, meta-political, political and civilization space. The arbitrary indication of Ural Mountains as an eastern border of Europe is still being questioned. Common roots of European tradition and identity are being found in Greek, Roman and Judeo-Christian tradition. Europe as geographical identificator emerged in ancient Greece and had axiological content from its very begining.

scholarly journals An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
pp. 9-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wiemers ◽  
Emilio Balletto ◽  
Vlad Dincă ◽  
Zdenek Faltynek Fric ◽  
Gerardo Lamas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
New Evidence

This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors’ names and years of publication. Finally, the namePolyommatusottomanusLefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonymLycaenalegeriFreyer, 1830, is declared anomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combinationLycaenaottomana.

scholarly journals An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
pp. 9-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wiemers ◽  
Emilio Balletto ◽  
Vlad Dincă ◽  
Zdenek Faltynek Fric ◽  
Gerardo Lamas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
New Evidence

This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors’ names and years of publication. Finally, the namePolyommatusottomanusLefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonymLycaenalegeriFreyer, 1830, is declared anomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combinationLycaenaottomana.

scholarly journals DOOR MEANINGS AND SYMBOLISM IN EUROPEAN TRADITION

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Edita Riaubienė
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Architectural Element ◽  
European Culture ◽  
European Tradition ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Double Nature

The paper is focused on the main architectural element – the door. The aim of this analysis is to reveal the door functions and its relations to the meanings and also the rich symbolism of the doorway. The research is done in the European cultural space, analysing its beginnings (Ancient Egypt, Greek, and Roma) and Christian tradition. The door is an object of a double nature that performs two contrary functions – to connect and separate – and at the same time it belongs to different substances – space and partition. The isolating function of the door conditions its protective meaning, and the function of connecting spaces implicates the communicative meaning. The dualistic character of the door indicates a rather complicated and diverse symbolism. As the door is an umpire between different and even reverse characters, it points to the weak place of a partition that must be protected not only by physical, but also symbolical means. The analysis reveals that petition, offerings and red coloring are prevailing as a protective measure in the European culture. The door acts as the symbol of crossing a boundary, the place of great changes, and this is very expressive in the Christian tradition. The symbolism of transformation is of great importance in the monotheistic religion, where the aim – God - is identified with the door. Durų reikšmės ir simbolika Europinėje tradicijoje Santrauka Remiantis architektūros sudėtinių dalių analizės principu dėmesys sutelkiamas ties pirminiu ir vienu iš svarbiausių architektūrinių elementų – durimis. Akcentuojamos glaudžios durų reikšminio lauko sąsajos su jų paskirtimi ir ypač gausi įėjimo vietos simbolika. Taikant chronologinį principą durų simbolika analizuojama Europos kultūrinėje terpėje, išskiriant Vakarų kultūros ištakas ir krikščioniškąją tradiciją. Durys yra dvejopos prigimties objektas, atliekantis dvi priešingas funkcijas – sujungimo bei atskyrimo – ir priklausantis dviem skirtingoms substancijoms – erdvei ir atitvarai. Izoliavimo paskirtis lemia apsauginę durų reikšmę, o erdvių sujungimo funkcija byloja apie jų komunikacinę reikšmę. Kaip architektūrinis elementas durys atlieka erdvės organizavimo ir informacijos teikimo paskirtį. Dualistinė durų prigimtis, leidžianti jungti ir skirti, lemia ypač turtingą ir sudėtingą jų simboliką. Durų buvimas tarpininku tarp priešingų charakteristikų erdvių implikuoja silpnąją atitvaros dalį, kurią reikia saugoti, stiprinti ne vien fizinėmis, bet ir simbolinėmis priemonėmis. Vakarų kultūrinėje tradicijoje tam daugiausia skiriamos maldos, aukos ir naudojamos raudonos spalvos apsauginės priemonės. Durims būdinga įveikimo, esminių pasikeitimų vyksmo vietos simbolika ryškiai skleidžiasi krikščioniškoje plotmėje. Transformacijos simbolika ypač reikšminga monoteistinės religijos tradicijoje, kur pati siekiamybė (Dievas) tapatinama su durimis.

British Aestheticism and Ancient Greece

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece

Butterflies of the eastern border of Bangladesh - a checklist

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
SH Chowdhury ◽  
M Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Border
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