Mechanics and Mathematics in Ancient Greece

This entry presents an overview on how mechanics in Greece was linked to geometry. In ancient Greece, mechanics was about lifting heavy bodies, and mathematics almost coincided with geometry. Mathematics interconnected with mechanics at least from the 5th century BCE and became dominant in the Hellenistic period. The contributions by thinkers such as Aristotle, Euclid, and Archytas on fundamental problems such as that of the lever are sketched. This entry can be the starting point for a deeper investigation on the connections of the two disciplines through the ages until our present day.

Lazer – relevante formação social

O lazer se converteu em formação social de relevância. A estratificação constitui ingrediente importante das sociedades modernas, e o lazer adotado pelas pessoas é influenciado por sua classe ou condição social, embora alguns possam argumentar que esta influência é atualmente menor do que no pretérito. O crescimento das organizações de turismo e de lazer contribuiu para modelar a forma como a maior parte das pessoas goza de seu lazer. De muitas maneiras se explica o significado de lazer, muitas das proposições sutilizadas são provenientes da Grécia antiga, de onde se delineia a mudança histórica do lazer a partir dos tempos medievais, especialmente no tempo disponível e na experiência do lazer em relação ao labor. O mesmo pode ser definido de três maneiras distintas, a saber: uma delas considera as vinte e quatro horas do dia e subtrai os períodos que não são de lazer, tais como: trabalho, sono, alimentação, atendimento às necessidades fisiológicas, etc. Leisure has become a relevant social formation. Stratification is an important ingredient of modern societies, and people's leisure is influenced by their class or social status, although some might argue that this influence is currently less than in the past. The growth of tourism and leisure organizations has helped to shape the way in which most people enjoy their leisure. In many ways the meaning of leisure is explained, many of the subtlety propositions come from ancient Greece, where the historical change of leisure is outlined from medieval times, especially in the available time and experience of leisure in relation to work. It can be defined in three different ways, namely: one of them considers the twenty-four hours of the day and subtracts the periods that are not leisure, such as: work, sleep, food, meeting physiological needs, etc.

Formation of the Idea of Natural Law in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

The article analyzes the formation of the idea of natural law, which has an important theoretical and applied significance, as it makes it possible to better understand the essence of law, its connection with egalitarian and humanistic teachings. The research is based on modern philosophical worldview approaches, such general scientific research methods as axiological, anthropological, phenomenological, comparative-historical, comparative-legal, system-structural, hermeneutical, functional, institutional, as well as formal-legal method are used. The article examines the works of representatives of the Milesian school founded by Thales in the first half of the 6th century BC, whose analysis of human consciousness, human ability to create, transform the world, formulate ideas and implement them led to the idea of a universal Logos, a universal divine Mind, and the Law of Nature. The article reveals the contribution of sophists to the development of the idea of the natural law who justified the differences between natural and human law, defended the idea of equality of all people, called for not discriminating against citizens, depending on their origin, and denied slavery. The role of representatives of the stoicism school in substantiating the idea of natural law based on awareness of the fundamental difference between human nature and nature, justifying the existence of the unchangeable law of nature (lex naturale) in the form of common sense, equality of all people, recognition of slavery contrary to human nature, the need for recognition of human rights by law to preserve human dignity is highlighted. The article examines the influence of the ideas of the philosophers of Ancient Greece on the development of Roman law, the role of the Scipio group in this influence, and the essence of the then rational understanding of natural law as a true law, namely, common sense, which, in accordance with nature, concerns all people, is unchangeable and eternal