Carotid artery disease leads to stroke in 30% of cases. The total frequency of carotid artery deformations varies from 10 to 40% depending on the results of angiographic and pathological examinations. Coiling of the internal carotid artery is associated with embryological pathology, and elongation and inflection are the result of fibromuscular dysplasia or changes that are accompanied by atherosclerotic damage to the arteries. Kinking – an artery bend at an acute angle. It can be congenital, when from early childhood there is a violation of cerebral circulation and develops over time from an elongated carotid artery. The formation of inflections contributes to hypertension, the progression of atherosclerosis. Coiling – the formation of a loop of an artery. Despite the smooth running of the loop, the changes in bleeding in it are significant. The nature of bends in coiling can vary depending on body position, blood pressure. The most common is the elongation of the internal carotid or spinal artery, which leads to the formation of smooth curves along the vessel. Elongation of the arteries is usually detected in random studies. The main etiological causes of pathological tortuosity of the internal carotid artery include: congenital deformation of the vascular wall, hypertension, osteochondrosis of the cervical vertebrae, compression of the bracheocephalic arteries, cranial nerves. The review article deals with anatomy and topography of the major vascular-nervous bundle components of the neck on the stages of early ontogenesis from the point of view of surgical correction of departures from their normal development in newborns and children of an early age. However, literary data are controversial and fragmentary concerning anatomical peculiarities of the carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, and vagus. The facts concerning synoptic correlation of the major vascular-nervous bundle components of the neck in fetuses and newborns are not systematized. Carotid artery disease leads to stroke in 30% of cases. The total frequency of carotid artery deformations varies from 10 to 40% depending on the results of angiographic and pathological examinations.
Concept and Diagnosis of Unstable Plaque in the Carotid Artery(2. Atherosclerotic Internal Carotid Artery Disease and High Risk Patients,Stroke as a Systemic Vascular Disease)