Outcome of Patients With Inherited Neurotransmitter Disorders

We report the outcome of 12 patients with inherited neurotransmitter disorders of monoamine, tetrahydrobiopterin and γ amino butyric acid metabolisms from a single Inherited Neurotransmitter Disorder Clinic including tyrosine hydroxylase (n=2), aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (n=1), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase, dihydropteridine reductase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiencies. Six patients (with 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase, dihydropteridine reductase and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiencies) had normal neurodevelopmental outcome on treatment. Tetrahydrobiopterin loading test in newborns with positive newborn screening for phenylketonuria will identify patients with 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase and dihydropteridine reductase deficiencies resulting in abnormal neurotransmitter synthesis in the central nervous system in the neonatal period to initiate disease-specific treatment to improve neurodevelopmental outcome.

P5 A case report: dihydropteridine reductase deficiency and the efficacy of replacement with a nutritional supplement from of 5-hydroxytryptophan

IntroductionDihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder where the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is affected. BH4 is an essential co-factor for the hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acids; phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. A deficiency of BH4 results in hyperphenylalaninaemia, and a lowered synthesis of dopamine and serotonin and therefore low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitters cause the clinical symptoms. Patients with DHPR deficiency may present with hypotonia, abnormal movements, poor temperature control, irritability, seizures, progressive developmental delay and microcephaly. Long term amine replacement with 5-hydroxytryptophan and levodopa, the respective precursors to serotonin and dopamine, is the main treatment to supplement CSF neurotransmitters, and diet restriction of phenylalanine. Folinic acid is also given to prevent CNS folate deficiency.Case reportThis patient was born by caesarean section at 39 weeks and detected through newborn screening with an elevated phenylalanine level of 634 micromol/l and later a confirmatory repeat level was 850 micromol at the age of 12 days. Subsequent tests confirmed a defect in biopterin recycling due to DHPR deficiency. The patient did not show any symptoms and looked well but the guidelines are to commence treatment and regular monitoring of the treatment. The doses started were levodopa as co-beneldopa dispersible tablets (benserazide 12.5 mg and levodopa 50 mg) initially 1 mg/kg in 4 divided doses, 5-hydroxytrptophan 1–2 mg/kg in 4 divided doses, calcium folinate 15 mg OD and a low phenylalanine diet. Doses were adjusted in response to the lumber puncture CSF results. During this time the patient was developing but was a little behind on some milestones especially speech development, some challenging behaviour and during this period of time the parents reported that the child was unsteady on his feet, and kept falling over.ResultsThe measurement of the CSF neurotransmitter metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are essential to the diagnosis of these patients and also to monitor amine replacement with 5-hydroxytryptophan and levodopa. When the levels were checked in this patient at the time of the symptoms being reported it was found that both the HVA and 5-HIAA CSF concentrations, and were well below the reference ranges. They were the lowest seen in this patient HVA 86 nmol/L (154–867) and 5-HIAA 34 nmol/L (89–367). The methyltetrahydrofolate level was in range 97 nmol/L (52–178) and the phenylalanine levels were in the desired range.ConclusionDoses had always been adjusted according to the patient’s weight and the CSF results, so the compliance of the medication could have been an issue. The pharmacist checked with the parents how they were administering the drug. The capsules for the 5-hydroxytrptophan were being opened dispersed in water and the volume for the dose to be given taken, a similar method was used for the co-beneldopa tablets. The 5-hydroxytrptophan capsules were an imported food supplement formulation and the contents did not disperse well and uniformly in water. A new pharmaceutical grade formulation was ordered in and the subsequent CSF levels showed a steady increase back into the ranges for HVA and 5-HIAA.