The complex subordinator unless (Cr. osim ako; Sl. razen če)
introduces subordinate conditional clauses carrying exceptive meaning. It is
usually assumed that unless-clauses are akin to (and replaceable by) negative if-conditional
clauses, with the choice of one over the other being governed by semantic and
pragmatic factors. This paper investigates subordinate unless-clauses
in Croatian and Slovenian in comparison to English, primarily with regard to
their interpretation, the possibility of expressing hypothetical and factual meanings,
and the (non-)occurrence of pleonastic negation. Based on the data collected from
referential corpora of Croatian, Slovenian and English we aim to establish not
only the similarities that exist regarding unless-clauses across the three languages, but also some significant
differences: as opposed to Croatian and Slovenian, English unless-clauses
rarely/ /untypically express hypothetical meanings. As for the occurrence of
pleonastic negation in unless-clauses, it never appears in English while in Croatian and
Slovenian it is common but completely optional, with Slovenian displaying both
properties of pleonastic negation – the assignment of the genitive of negation
and no licensing of strong NPIs – and Croatian only one (no strong NPI
licensing). Even though unless-clauses in both Slavic languages display very similar
properties, their distribution with regard to negation is to some extent different:
affirmative unless-clauses are more frequent in Slovenian than in Croatian, while
the number of those with overt pleonastic negation is significantly smaller. We
conclude that unless-clauses are an example par
excellence of the fine-grained
interplay of syntax, semantics and pragmatics, which primarily mediates the
speaker’s communicative needs and intentions.