Abstract
High-strain rate deformation can cause in situ melting of rocks, resulting in the formation of dark, micro- to nanocrystalline pseudotachylite veins. On Earth, pseudotachylite veins form during meteorite impacts, large landslides, and earthquakes. Within the Vredefort impact structure, both impact-generated and (pre-impact) tectonically-generated pseudotachylite veins have been described, but are challenging to distinguish. Here, we demonstrate a genetic distinction between two pseudotachylite veins from Vredefort by studying their petrography, degree of recrystallization and deformation, cross-cutting relationships and the deformation microstructures in associated zircon. We conclude that Vein 1 is pre-impact and tectonically-generated, and Vein 2 is impact-generated. In agreement, zircon microstructures in Vein 1 contain planar deformation bands (PDBs), attributed to tectonic deformation, whereas zircon microstructures in Vein 2 reveal microtwin lamellae, indisputable evidence of shock metamorphism. Thus, deformation microstructures in zircon may provide a new criterion for distinguishing the genetic origin of pseudotachylite veins. Zircons that have been removed from their context (i.e., alluvial or detrital zircon, zircon from Lunar breccia) should be interpreted with caution in terms of their deformation history. For example, zircon with PDBs cannot reliably be used as a marker for shock deformation, because this feature has been shown to form in purely tectonic settings.
Quantifying the Release of Climate-Active Gases by Large Meteorite Impacts With a Case Study of Chicxulub
