This book represents the very first publication to explore how Native American traditions have influenced the history of New Orleans music over the past three centuries, specifically how this connection has culminated in the Mardi Gras Indian cultural system. In addition to including the perspectives of the cultural participants themselves, this book draws upon manuscripts and archives from the earliest days of the French colony of Louisiana, providing a range of views on how the Mardi Gras Indian tradition developed. A number of linguistic analyses focus on Native terms which are significant for regional language history. By showing these Native roots, the authors give empirical evidence for a much earlier origin for the Mardi Gras Indian tradition than has previously been recognized in conventional New Orleans historiography. A series of archival images and contemporary photographs help the reader to visualize the transformations of public life in New Orleans, including musical processions in the streets of the city during Mardi Gras celebrations. The complex background of the “American Indian” icon is also recognized as a component in how Mardi Gras Indians have developed their cultural practices over time. Key political events and time periods, such as the Civil War and the Reconstruction era that followed, are indispensable to understanding how the Mardi Gras Indians emerged in New Orleans during the nineteenth century. This book features rare images, such as the first known photograph of Mardi Gras Indians, giving the reader a more complete audiovisual journey through New Orleans history.