The Philippines insurrection and the 1902–4 cholera epidemic: Part I—Epidemiological diffusion processes in war

The literature on the diffusion of new religion is strongly influenced by the voluntaristic paradigm that highlights the agency of individual migrants. This article examines and compares the diffusion process and outcome of Tzu Chi (Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Association) in four Southeast Asian countries—Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines—to illustrate the complex relationship between migration, diffusion, critical events, and local conditions. Using a comparative research design and original materials, this article proposes a coevolutionary framework inspired by organization studies on the emergence of novelty. This article argues that the different diffusion processes and diffusion outcomes in the four cases are best explained through looking at network genesis mechanisms. This research contributes to the current studies on the diffusion of religion and scholarly interests in the global Tzu Chi movement.

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Spatial Change and the Cholera Epidemic in Manila, the Philippines, 1902– 4

Epidemic Urbanism: How Contagious Diseases have Shaped Global Cities ◽

10.1386/9781789384703_35 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 289-296

Author(s):

Ian Morley

Keyword(s):

The Philippines ◽

Spatial Change ◽

Cholera Epidemic

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Meridional Circulation, Turbulence, and Diffusion Processes in Stars

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100080477 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 109-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Vauclair

Keyword(s):

Convection Zone ◽

Diffusion Processes ◽

Meridional Circulation ◽

Diffusion Time ◽

Work In Progress ◽

First Results ◽

Stellar Envelopes ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Turbulence And Diffusion ◽

Hr Diagram

This paper gives the first results of a work in progress, in collaboration with G. Michaud and G. Vauclair. It is a first attempt to compute the effects of meridional circulation and turbulence on diffusion processes in stellar envelopes. Computations have been made for a 2 Mʘstar, which lies in the Am - δ Scuti region of the HR diagram.Let us recall that in Am stars diffusion cannot occur between the two outer convection zones, contrary to what was assumed by Watson (1970, 1971) and Smith (1971), since they are linked by overshooting (Latour, 1972; Toomre et al., 1975). But diffusion may occur at the bottom of the second convection zone. According to Vauclair et al. (1974), the second convection zone, due to He II ionization, disappears after a time equal to the helium diffusion time, and then diffusion may happen at the bottom of the first convection zone, so that the arguments by Watson and Smith are preserved.

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