Effects of Coastal Forest on Tsunami Hazard Mitigation — A Preliminary Investigation

Author(s):  
K. Harada1 ◽  
F. Imamura
Author(s):  
Kentaro IMAI ◽  
Kenji HARADA ◽  
Osamu WATANABE ◽  
Takuji ESASHI ◽  
Naoki SHIMANUKI ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudhicara Yudhicara

The southern coast of Java which is facing to the Indian Ocean has many of natural hazard potential come from the sea. Since 2006 tsunami impacted the southern coast of Java, and caused severely damage especially along the coast of Cilacap (1-7,7 m run up height). People commit to do greening the beach by planting suitable plants such as a Casuarina equisetifolia, Terminalia catappa, and Cocos nucifera. This paper discusses the existence of coastal forests in Cilacap coastal area, their potential ability as a coastal protection from the tsunami wave which cover the density, diameter, height, age, and other parameters that affects the coastal defence against tsunami waves. Some experiences of tsunamis that have occurred, indicating that the above parameters linked to the ability of vegetation to act as a natural barrier against tsunamis. In the case of sandy beaches, such as in Cilacap, Pandanus odorarissimus has more effectiveness than other trees due to its hanging roots that can withstand the tsunami height less than 5 m, able to withstand debris and can withstand the scouring effects of tsunami waves, while Casuarina equisetifolia along Cilacap beaches more dominant than other trees, so it is recommended to increase the diversity of plants as well as increase the density and tree placement setting. By field measurement in order to get parameter applied to some graphs, Cilacap coastal forest does not enough capability for tsunami barrier reflected to the tsunami height experience in this region. Ages could be the important parameter in order to have bigger diameter trunk, higher trees height, and high resistance capacity againts tsunami hazard potential. Compare to Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Cilacap coastal forest still young and need some more years to make trees ready act as tsunami reduction. Keywords: Cilacap coastal forest, Kupang, tsunami, vegetation parameters. Pantai Selatan Jawa yang berhadapan dengan Samudera Hindia, memiliki banyak potensi mengalami bahaya yang datang dari lautan. Selama tahun 2006, Tsunami telah menimpa sebagian pantai selatan Jawa dan menyebabkan banyak kerusakan parah terutama di sepanjang Pantai Cilacap (tinggi gelombang 1-7,7 m). Masyarakat melakukan penghijauan pantai dengan menanam sejumlah pohon yang sesuai dengan kondisi pantai, seperti pohon cemara pantai (Casuarina equisetifolia), ketapang (Terminalia cattapa) dan kelapa (Cocos nucifera). Tulisan ini membahas penyebaran hutan pantai di wilayah pantai Cilacap, kemampuan dan potensi hutan tersebut sebagai pelindung alami pantai dari bahaya gelombang tsunami, yang terdiri dari kerapatannya, diameter, tingginya, umur, dan parameter lainnya yang mempengaruhi daya tahan pantai terhadap gelombang tsunami. Beberapa pengalaman mengenai kejadian yang telah terjadi, memperlihatkan bahwa parameter tersebut di atas mempengaruhi kemampuan tanaman sebagai penahan alamiah terhadap tsunami. Untuk kondisi pantai berpasir seperti Cilacap, tanaman pandan pantai lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan tanaman lainnya, dikarenakan akarnya yang dapat menahan tinggi gelombang kurang dari 5 m, selain itu akar tersebut dapat menahan material dan erosi vertikal gelombang tsunami, sementara di sepanjang pantai Cilacap, tanaman cemara pantai (Casuarina equisetifolia) lebih dominan dibandingkan tanaman lainnya. Kondisi ini dapat direkomendasikan untuk tetap dipertahankan bahkan ditambah jumlahnya. Di lapangan dilakukan pengukuran parameter tanaman pantai dan hasilnya diplot dalam bentuk grafik dan diaplikasikan dalam grafik yang dibuat berdasarkan hasil penelitian terhadap tsunami di beberapa tempat di dunia terutama di Jepang. Berdasarkan tinggi gelombang maksimum yang pernah terjadi di daerah ini (7,7 m), terlihat bahwa hutan pantai Cilacap belum cukup mampu bertindak sebagai penahan gelombang tsunami. Umur merupakan parameter penting agar pohon memiliki diameter yang besar, pohon yang cukup tinggi dan daya tahan terhadap potensi bahaya tsunami. Dibandingkan dengan hutan pantai di Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, hutan pantai di Cilacap relatif masih muda dan membutuhkan beberapa tahun lagi untuk dapat memperkecil resiko yang ditimbulkan oleh bahaya tsunami. Kata kunci: Hutan pantai Cilacap, Kupang, tsunami dan parameter vegetasi.


Author(s):  
David H. Oppenheimer ◽  
Alex N. Bittenbinder ◽  
Barbara M. Bogaert ◽  
Raymond P. Buland ◽  
Lynn D. Dietz ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Nobuo SHUTO

Episodes ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Yefei ◽  
Wen Ruizhi ◽  
Song Yuying

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (6A) ◽  
pp. 2323-2337
Author(s):  
I-Chen Lin ◽  
Chi C. Tung

abstract A method for determining tsunami hazard is presented using simple seismological and hydrodynamic models. The seismological model assumes that submarine earthquakes of the dipstrike type can occur, with equal likelihood, anywhere along a well-defined straight fault and that the site under consideration lies on the perpendicular bisector of and far removed from the fault. The ground dislocation is circular in the horizontal plane, and the vertical offset is uniform. The radius of the circle and the vertical offset are related to seismic moment which is assumed to be random. The hydrodynamic model is based on linear dispersive wave theory. It is assumed that the earth is flat, water depth constant, and ocean infinite in horizontal extent. The maximum elevation of water surface of the leading wave is related to ground motion characteristics (or seismic moment) and the distance from the site to the source. The probability of the event that the water elevation at a site exceeds an arbitrary but specified level is then derived and computed. A sensitivity study is performed to determine the importance of various parameters.


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