Secondary Headaches

Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain ◽

10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04164_7.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 851-851

Keyword(s):

Secondary Headaches

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SECONDARY HEADACHES

Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain ◽

10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.t01-9-04068.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 299-300

Keyword(s):

Secondary Headaches

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Hypoxic mechanisms in primary headaches

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102416647037 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 372-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Josefine Britze ◽

Nanna Arngrim ◽

Henrik Winther Schytz ◽

Messoud Ashina

Keyword(s):

Cluster Headache ◽

High Altitude ◽

Acute Mountain Sickness ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Primary Headaches ◽

Secondary Headaches ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Calcitonin Gene ◽

Level Of Knowledge

Background Hypoxia causes secondary headaches such as high-altitude headache (HAH) and headache due to acute mountain sickness. These secondary headaches mimic primary headaches such as migraine, which suggests a common link. We review and discuss the possible role of hypoxia in migraine and cluster headache. Methods This narrative review investigates the current level of knowledge on the relation of hypoxia in migraine and cluster headache based on epidemiological and experimental studies. Findings Epidemiological studies suggest that living in high-altitude areas increases the risk of migraine and especially migraine with aura. Human provocation models show that hypoxia provokes migraine with and without aura, whereas cluster headache has not been reliably induced by hypoxia. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms include hypoxia-induced release of nitric oxide and calcitonin gene-related peptide, cortical spreading depression and leakage of the blood-brain barrier. Conclusion There is a possible link between hypoxia and migraine and maybe cluster headache, but the exact mechanism is currently unknown. Provocation models of hypoxia have yielded interesting results suggesting a novel approach to study in depth the mechanism underlying hypoxia and primary headaches.

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Headache

10.2310/em.4174 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin W Friedman

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Sinus Thrombosis ◽

International Headache Society ◽

Primary Headache ◽

Primary Headaches ◽

Key Words Migraine ◽

Secondary Headaches ◽

Primary Headache Disorders ◽

Greater Occipital Nerve

Headaches are one of the most common complaints of patients seen by emergency physicians. They can be classified as primary headaches, which have no identifiable underlying cause, and secondary headaches, which are classified according to their cause. The majority of headaches are benign in origin, and most patients with headache can be treated successfully in the emergency department and discharged home; however, some have potentially life-threatening causes, and consideration of a broad differential diagnosis for all patients is essential. This review covers the primary headache disorders, pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes. The figure shows areas of the brain sensitive to pain. Tables review differential diagnosis of headache, International Headache Society primary headache criteria, clinical characteristics of secondary headaches, high-risk clinical characteristics among patients with a headache peaking in intensity within 1 hour, drugs associated with headache, and parenteral treatment of acute migraine. This review contains 1 figure, 9 tables, and 58 references. Key words: migraine, calcitonin gene related peptide, greater occipital nerve block, venous sinus thrombosis, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Ottawa, subarachnoid, cluster headache, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, post-traumatic headache

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