Kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) are investigated by means of linear electromagnetic gyrokinetic (GK) simulations in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), for high-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ plasmas, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ is the ratio of thermal to magnetic plasma pressure. The analysis shows suppression of ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) and trapped particle modes (TEM) by finite-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ effects and destabilization of KBMs at high $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$. The results are compared with a generic tokamak case. We show that, for large pressure gradients, the frequency of KBMs evaluated by the GENE code is in agreement with the analytical prediction of the diamagnetic modification of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic limit in W7-X general geometry. Thresholds for destabilization of the KBM are predicted for different W7-X equilibrium configurations. We discuss the relation of these thresholds to the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability properties of the corresponding equilibria.
Ideal MHD stability properties of pressure driven modes in low shear tokamaks
