From Call-by-Value to Interaction by Typed Closure Conversion

2015 ◽  
pp. 251-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schöpp
Keyword(s):  
Closure Conversion

scholarly journals Attributes of turnaround rural hospitals: Case study findings and research opportunities

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Asa B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Hospital Performance ◽  
Rural Hospitals ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Closure Conversion ◽  
The Impact

Background: Rural and Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) have a history of operating challenges and closure-conversion threats. The history is reviewed including the supportive public policy provisions and administrative tactics designed to maintain a community’s hospital as the hub and access point for health services. Limited research indicates that rural facilities are not strategic in their responses to challenges. A question emerges regarding the enduring nature of operating difficulties for these facilities, i.e., no understanding with explanatory value.Objective: The author, as the CEO in six rural hospitals designated as turnaround facilities, used inductive participant-observer involvement to identify operating attributes characteristic of these organizations. An objective description of each facility is provided. While implementing a turnaround intervention, fifteen behaviors or outcomes were found to be consistent across all six entities. This information is used to posit factors associated with or accounting for identified performance weaknesses.Conclusions: It is conceptualization that observed organizational behaviors can be explained as remnants of an agrarian ideology. Such a mindset is focused on preserving the status quo despite challenges that would require strategic positioning of the organization. In addition, emerging studies on community types indicates that follow-up research is needed that assesses the impact of community attributes on rural hospital performance. Also, this study shows that a theory of the rural hospital firm based on neo-classical economics has no explanatory value. Thus, a theory of the firm can be developed that includes behavioral economic principles.

scholarly journals Closure conversion is safe for space

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (ICFP) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Zoe Paraskevopoulou ◽  
Andrew W. Appel
Keyword(s):  
Closure Conversion

scholarly journals From surviving to community benefit: A proposed rural health services research agenda

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Asa B. Wilson ◽  
Bernard J. Kerr ◽  
Nathaniel Bastian ◽  
Lawrence V. Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Rural Hospitals ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Community Benefit ◽  
Health Safety ◽  
Closure Conversion

Background: The research history of rural hospitals from 1980 forward is reviewed. This summary, in turn, becomes a foundation for proposing an updated applied research agenda; one focused on ensuring health services for rural America. Research history: From 1980 to 1997 rural hospitals closed at a disproportionally higher rate than non-rural facilities. This trend prompted an academic search (Phase I) for the factors associated with the closure-conversion threat to hospitals. The public policy response was the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and the creation of the Critical Access Hospital (CAH). Once the closure-conversion threat diminished as a result, the research focus (Phase II) shifted from survival to financial performance monitoring, economic efficiency, quality of care, and patient safety of CAHs. Phase II research demonstrates that CAHs can sustain themselves and are not necessarily victims of adverse rural circumstances. Today, CAHs, Rural Health Clinics (RHC) and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) exist as an established rural health safety net. Also, the 1332 CAHs are considered the hub of health services for rural communities. Significance: The rural environment remains a changing, challenging arena in which to ensure care for it residents. As such, the expanded Internal Revenue Service (IRS) definition of Community Benefit, specifically the periodic Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA), provides a template for assessing the rural health safety net’s capacity to meet local health needs and improve the health status of its communities. This rubric also balances fiscal stewardship with positive health service outcomes. It is argued that the CHNA expansion of Community Benefit is an ideal research template and performance standard for all rural hospitals. It enables one to offer researched answers to the enduring question, “What is the best way to ensure health services for rural America?”

scholarly journals Flow-Directed Closure Conversion for Typed Languages

2000 ◽  
pp. 56-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Cejtin ◽  
Suresh Jagannathan ◽  
Stephen Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Closure Conversion ◽  
Typed Languages

Efficient and safe-for-space closure conversion

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Shao ◽  
Andrew W. Appel
Keyword(s):  
Space Closure ◽  
Closure Conversion

scholarly journals A Functional Correspondence between Call-by-Need Evaluators and Lazy Abstract Machines

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Sig Ager ◽  
Olivier Danvy ◽  
Jan Midtgaard
Keyword(s):  
Lambda Calculus ◽  
Program Transformations ◽  
Abstract Machine ◽  
Abstract Machines ◽  
Implementation Techniques ◽  
Closure Conversion ◽  
Implementation Technique

We bridge the gap between compositional evaluators and abstract machines for the lambda-calculus, using closure conversion, transformation into continuation-passing style, and defunctionalization of continuations. This article is a followup of our article at PPDP 2003, where we consider call by name and call by value. Here, however, we consider call by need.<br /> <br />We derive a lazy abstract machine from an ordinary call-by-need evaluator that threads a heap of updatable cells. In this resulting abstract machine, the continuation fragment for updating a heap cell naturally appears as an `update marker', an implementation technique that was invented for the Three Instruction Machine and subsequently used to construct lazy variants of Krivine's abstract machine. Tuning the evaluator leads to other implementation techniques such as unboxed values. The correctness of the resulting abstract machines is a corollary of the correctness of the original evaluators and of the program transformations used in the derivation.

Intensional polymorphism in type-erasure semantics

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL CRARY ◽  
STEPHANIE WEIRICH ◽  
GREG MORRISETT
Keyword(s):  
Data Structures ◽  
Garbage Collection ◽  
Type System ◽  
Implementation Techniques ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Closure Conversion ◽  
Type Information ◽  
Time Type

Intensional polymorphism, the ability to dispatch to different routines based on types at run time, enables a variety of advanced implementation techniques for polymorphic languages, including tag-free garbage collection, unboxed function arguments, polymorphic marshalling and attened data structures. To date, languages that support intensional polymorphism have required a type-passing (as opposed to type-erasure) interpretation where types are constructed and passed to polymorphic functions at run time. Unfortunately, type-passing suffers from a number of drawbacks: it requires duplication of run-time constructs at the term and type levels, it prevents abstraction, and it severely complicates polymorphic closure conversion. We present a type-theoretic framework that supports intensional polymorphism, but avoids many of the disadvantages of type passing. In our approach, run-time type information is represented by ordinary terms. This avoids the duplication problem, allows us to recover abstraction, and avoids complications with closure conversion. In addition, our type system provides another improvement in expressiveness; it allows unknown types to be refined in place, thereby avoiding certain beta-expansions required by other frameworks.

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