Origin of Nipple-Areolar Complex Irregularities

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-94
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Shiffman
Keyword(s):  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex

scholarly journals Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of nipple and breast candidiasis: A review of the relationship between diagnoses of mammary candidiasis and Candida albicans in breastfeeding women

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 174550652110314
Author(s):  
Pamela Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Breast Pain ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Breastfeeding mothers commonly experience nipple pain accompanied by radiating, stabbing or constant breast pain between feeds, sometimes associated with pink shiny nipple epithelium and white flakes of skin. Current guidelines diagnose these signs and symptoms as mammary candidiasis and stipulate antifungal medications. Aim: This study reviews existing research into the relationship between Candida albicans and nipple and breast pain in breastfeeding women who have been diagnosed with mammary candidiasis; whether fluconazole is an effective treatment; and the presence of C. albicans in the human milk microbiome. Method: The author conducted three searches to investigate (a) breastfeeding-related pain and C. albicans; (b) the efficacy of fluconazole in breastfeeding-related pain; and (c) composition of the human milk mycobiome. These findings are critiqued and integrated in a narrative review. Results: There is little evidence to support the hypothesis that Candida spp, including C. albicans, in maternal milk or on the nipple-areolar complex causes the signs and symptoms popularly diagnosed as mammary candidiasis. There is no evidence that antifungal treatments are any more effective than the passage of time in women with these symptoms. Candida spp including C. albicans are commonly identified in healthy human milk and nipple-areolar complex mycobiomes. Discussion: Clinical breastfeeding support remains a research frontier. The human milk microbiome, which includes a mycobiome, interacts with the microbiomes of the infant mouth and nipple-areolar complex, including their mycobiomes, to form protective ecosystems. Topical or oral antifungals may disrupt immunoprotective microbial homeostasis. Unnecessary use contributes to the serious global problem of antifungal resistance. Conclusion: Antifungal treatment is rarely indicated and prolonged courses cannot be justified in breastfeeding women experiencing breast and nipple pain. Multiple strategies for stabilizing microbiome feedback loops when nipple and breast pain emerge are required, in order to avoid overtreatment of breastfeeding mothers and their infants with antifungal medications.

Management of Nipple-Areolar Complex Complications in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy with Prosthetic Reconstruction

2018 ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Francesco Ciancio ◽  
Alessandro Innocenti ◽  
Domenico Parisi ◽  
Aurelio Portincasa
Keyword(s):  
Prosthetic Reconstruction ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Nipple Sparing Mastectomy ◽  
Nipple Sparing

Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Nipple-Areolar Complex

2018 ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Chun ◽  
Philip R. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Basal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex

scholarly journals Immediate breast reconstruction following nipple-sparing mastectomy in an Asian population: Aesthetic outcomes and mitigating nipple-areolar complex necrosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Sze Pek ◽  
Bien-Keem Tan ◽  
Yvonne Ying Ru Ng ◽  
Veronique Kiak Mien Tan ◽  
Mohamed Zulfikar Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Reconstruction ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Immediate Breast Reconstruction ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Nipple Sparing Mastectomy ◽  
Nipple Sparing

Preoperative breast MRI: reproducibility and significance of findings relevant to nipple–areolar complex involvement

Breast Cancer ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youichi Machida ◽  
Akiko Shimauchi ◽  
Takao Igarashi ◽  
Kazuei Hoshi ◽  
Eisuke Fukuma
Keyword(s):  
Breast Mri ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Preoperative Breast Mri

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Nipple–Areolar Complex Partial Necrosis following Micropigmentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e2494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Starnoni ◽  
Massimo Pinelli ◽  
Gianluca Franceschini ◽  
Giorgio De Santis
Keyword(s):  
Rare Case ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Partial Necrosis ◽  
Areolar Complex
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document