Production functions have been widely studied in the relevant
literature. In this paper, apart from labour and capital, we have used
energy as a factor input and calculated the elasticity of substitution
between these inputs, measured technical progress, and determined the
returns to scale in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Since we have
more than two factors of production, the standard Cobb· Douglas and CES
production functions do not provide satisfactory results. Hence,
two·level (nested) CES production function becomes the natural choice
for the appropriate technology. Using this technology, we have found low
elasticity of substitution between the three factors of production.
Furthermore, the manufacturing sector is found to exhibit decreasing
returns to scale, having experienced disembodied technical progress at
the rate of 3.7 percent per annum.